Punishment as a Perfect Example of Marxist Class free essay sample

Marxist Theory and Crime and Punishment Throughout human history countless philosophers have risen with what they thought to be the best form of government for society as a whole. Karl Marx may be the most influential philosopher in Russian history. According to The Free Dictionary, Marxism is the concept that â€Å"class struggle plays a central role in understanding societys allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society†. With this theory, Marx had a great impact on Russian literature? specifically, Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment. According the the Marxist theory, one would interpret Crime andPunishment as a perfect example of Marxist class divisions in the 19th centuryAs stated that the definition of Marxism, it says that one goes from a capitalist government, to a socialist government, and ultimately a classless society with communism. Here, this novel stands to be a perfect example of a rise to communism, and the rise of a proletariat. We will write a custom essay sample on Punishment as a Perfect Example of Marxist Class or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With this, a Marxist theory would begin to see Raskolnikov as a version of the proletariat, or common man, in charge of a violent overthrow. It is believed by Marxist theorists that the proletariat goes through various stages of development. In the beginning they struggle against the bourgeois, then this metamorphosizes itself into suffering, and the finally through the growth of the masses, victory arises for the common man. The goal of the Marxist man is to violently overthrow capitalism. Even though Raskolnikov does not conduct a violent overthrow of the government, he comes together in the same way, by violently killing what he sees as a leach on society. Raskolnikov battles his emotions and morality because of the murder of the pawnbroker and therefore suffers because of it. Though Porfiry and Sonia partake in him finding his salvation, it is ultimately Raskolnikov himself that realizes that by accepting his sins he overcomes his emotions and finds redemption. When â€Å"suddenly it was as if something lifted him and flung him down at her feet. He wept and embraced her knees†,Marxist criminologists see power being held by the Bourgeoisie and laws are a reflection of Bourgeois ideology. The legal system (lawyers, judges and the courts) and the police all serve the interests of the Bourgeoisie. These institutions are used to control the masses, prevent revolution and keep people in a state of false consciousness.

Drug testing

Drug testing Against Drug Testing of Student AthletesNothing in the Constitution allows random urinalysis testing for students participating in interscholastic athletics. Such testing of students has not been proven beneficial to the students or the sports programs. More and more schools are testing student athletes for drug use, and so far, they are divided on the question of when and why schools may test student athletes for drugs. Laws vary from state to state, in part because some state constitutions provide more protection than others do for students' privacy rights (ACLU, 2003). The issue of drug testing has caused a national debate that still persists. The debate hinges on the U.S. Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable search and seizure.The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. "The Court set out a three-part test that took into consideration (1) the student's expectation of privacy, (2) the nature of the drug t est, and (3) the school's interest or reasons for instituting drug testing" (U.M-KC).Any Lab Test Drug Testing LabThe Indiana Court of Appeals struck down a school policy of performing drug tests on students participating in athletics and other extracurricular activities (ACLU). The court decided to replace the drug-testing policy with a responsible system of parental notification. The board promises to make the schools a more nurturing place and to return a measure of authority over students to parents, with whom it rightly belongs. Now, school officials who suspect a student of drug abuse will contact the student's parents about the concerns, leaving it to the parents to decide if the student should be tested for drugs or treated medically. Other states such as New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, and Washington have also decided to use this method (ACLU).Drug testing gives students an incentive to say "no" not to...

Integrated Marketing Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Integrated Marketing Communication - Assignment Example Secondly, the group also has a careful marketing thought and strategy, which many companies need and which attracts people. Thirdly, Black Eyed Peas learns fast about the changing dynamics of making sales and can translate this to advertising. The group is not content with its corporate connections and seeks to expand often, which is a good mark for business advertising. Lastly, the group gives its customers equal importance when dealing with them no matter how big or small. This makes them attractive. It would not make a difference what type of product the group was endorsing because the group can be dynamic and create a proper endorsement for whatever product they are given (Jurgensen, 2010). Despite the fact that Black Eyed Peas can do a good job with any brand or product, , endorsements by the group can be excellent when the brand or product involves clothes, cars, cosmetics and others such as jewelry. On the other hands, rock bands can make specific endorsements successful such as jewelry, clothes and music equipment. Country music would do best when they endorse hats, boots, land, farming, and tracks (Moore & Mowen, 1994). If I were designing a TV advert for a concern for the Black Eyed Peas, my target market would be teenagers to young adults (male and female) of up to the age of about 35 years old. The message strategy I would use would be an affective strategy to invoke feelings and emotions and relate them with the good, service or the company. The executional framework would be a lifestyle framework that shows how the product or brand will fit into the consumer’s life. An effective television ad would be one that catches the attention of consumers by engaging their feelings, minds and emotions and responding effectively to those engagements. It should be as real as possible to convince the consumer (Clow & Baack, 2012). Despite the fact that the Black Eyed Peas has been successful in endorsing

Extending rights within humanity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extending rights within humanity - Essay Example e option in the past, still remain an alternative, but do not confer the same benefits, either legal or emotional, on same-sex couples that enter into one; therefore, same-sex marriage must be made legal on the same level as recognized heterosexual marriage to provide these benefits. There are many arguments that support the position of legalizing same-sex marriage, but the strongest is the benefits that would come to children of same-sex relationships upon either the death of a parent or partner, or the dissolution of the union. Gomes is very clear in explaining that even stepparents have more rights than a non-biological parent in a same-sex relationship; stepparents can petition for visitation and custody, and even adoption (3). However, non-biological parents in a same sex relationship have none of these rights, and without a legally recognized marriage in place to support them, the children will suffer unnecessarily at the whim of any family members and/or legal services brought in to assist them. It is a sad testament to the child that has already suffered and grieved, that they may become the object of a feud between estranged family members or legal services, as well as being denied any survivor benefits that would have come from being the child in a leg ally recognized heterosexual marriage. One argument against same-sex marriage is that marriage has traditionally symbolized a relationship in which procreation, meaning children, will occur. Margaret Somerville, in her article The Case Against â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage†, agrees with this objection, stating that â€Å"society needs marriage to establish cultural meaning, symbolism and moral values around the inherently procreative relationship between a man and a woman, and thereby protect that relationship and the children who result from it† (10). Gomes, even though she cites this objection to same-sex marriage, attempts to counter it by stating that marriage and the rights of each partner have evolved and

Information processing Essay Example for Free

Information processing Essay Discuss how information processing varies between individual, team and racquet athletics.  Sport contains mainly perceptual motor skills so it is important to select the correct skill for the situation. The process used to select the correct skill is called the information processing system or the DCR process, because we Detect information, Compare it with previous experiences and then react.  Welford said that all information is taken in as stimuli through our senses. It is then stored in the short term memory before being sorted, if the stimulus is relevant to the current skill then it is stored in the short term memory where it is compared to previous experiences in the long term memory. Then a decision is made as to what action to take based on this comparison. The action that was performed and the outcome from this action are then stored in the long term memory for future reference. Welfords model is shown below:  This model makes a performer react in the way that they do to a situation but there are many factors that can influence what action the performer decides to take. These include; time available, number and intensity of stimuli, experience, anticipation, fitness and motivation of the performer. The effect these factors have on a performer will vary from individual, racquet and team sports.  The time that you have available to process the incoming stimuli differs in each sport. For example in rugby, which is externally paced, you have a small amount of time to process the stimuli and make a decision because there are usually many defenders around you. Tennis players also have very little time to react because the ball is usually travelling at a high speed and if they dont make a decision and return the ball they will lose the point. However in golf, an internally paced sport, the player can take as long as they need to make a decision because there ar e no opponents directly around them. There are three main types of stimuli that enter the sensory input these are;  Vision: is where a player will react to a visual stimulus such as the position of the ball or an opponent. These stimuli are easier to detect and react to if the stimulus is brighter. For example in tennis the ball is bright yellow which makes it easier to see. But there are also unwanted stimuli such as ball boys moving or crowd movements these stimuli are obviously irrelevant but they are still initially taken in which slows down the whole process. In an individual sport there are fewer visual stimuli for example in a 100m race the only real visual stimulus is where the finish line is in relation to you. Audition: this is all stimuli that are heard, for example when a team mate calls for the ball in rugby. Auditable stimuli are hard and processed easier and faster if they are loud and clear. There are also irrelevant auditable stimuli such as crowd noise these will slow down the information processing model.  Proprioception: this is made up of three components;  Equilibrium: this is an awareness of your body position and balance. We can tell if we are about to fall over and where we are in relation to objects. Team sports are more likely to have an uneven playing surface which means that your balance will have to be constantly adjusted as you are running. But in individual and racquet sports the playing surface is fairly constant with the exception of golf, where a stance may have to be altered to adjust to the surface. Kinaesthesis: this is where the body senses the muscle movement and contraction it is sometimes known as muscle memory. It is if the movement feels right to the performer. It is developed through practice and experience one example would be a conversion kick in rugby the player may take there step away from the ball in the same way they usually do but they may just feel that they are not in the right place. It doesnt apply as much in team games as in individual and racquet sports apart from set plays.  Tactile sense: this is the feeling of pressure this is important for all sports. It can be affected be the weather conditions because cold weather affects our ability to feel effectively. The short term sensory store is where all information is stored for a split second before it is processed. All relevant and irrelevant information is stored in here before it is replaced and lost. This does not differ between sports only what enters it does.  The perception stage is where all the information that has come from the short term sensory store is processed. This is when irrelevant information is thrown away and useful stimuli such as where the ball is, is kept to make a decision and stored in the STM. This will vary between individual, racquet and team sports because of the amount of stimuli. In team sports there are more stimuli so it takes longer to sort through whereas there are relatively small amounts of stimuli in individual sports so it wont take as long to sort them out. It also differs depending upon whether the performer is experienced or not as it will be easier for a expert to sort through the stimuli because they have more experience. We sort through the st imuli with selective attention and take only the important pieces of information because only around 7-10 pieces of information can be stored in the STM. The information passed on from the perception stage is then stored in the STM. Because only 7-10 pieces of information can be stored an experienced player may chunk information together so that the position of all players is one piece, but a beginner may not be able to do this so each player may be a separate piece. Team sports would be much more affected because of the amount of information so not all stimuli can be stored so a poor decision may be made but less poor decisions will be made in an individual or racquet sport because there is less information. The LTM holds information on movement patterns and the results of using them in certain situations and can hold them for a lifetime. Team sports have many memories but individual sports may have less.  The decision making process is where whats happening now (in the short term memory) with what has happened previously (in the long term memory). In the LTM the performer will be looking for similar situations and actions and their outcomes. This makes team games decision making process a lot longer because of the vast amount of information and possible actions to take. Whereas in an individual sport there is much less information and less possible actions. The motor output is the performance of the chosen skill. One example may be for a badminton player to put in a drop shot because the opponent is at the back of the court. The action is referred to the muscle movement in the LTM. The action and its consequences are then stored in the long term memory for future reference.  Individual sports, because they are individually paced, make them the simplest in the IP model. Also because there are fewer stimuli there is a shorter reaction time which gives the performer more time to carry out the IP model which should result in a better decision. Racquet sports are externally paced due to the fact that there is an opponent; this means that there is less time for the performer to react. There are some irrelevant stimuli which will slow down the IP model which means it takes longer to decide than in an individual sport but not as long as in a team sport because there are fewer possibilities for what action to take.  Team sports are externally paced which reduces the time available to react. Also there are much more irrelevant stimuli in team sports, this will lengthen the IP. The IP will also be lengthened due to the complexity of most team games because there are more situations and possible responses to choose from. Bibliography Advanced PE for Edexcel Heinemann by F. Galligan et al.

The symbolism of rain in literature

The symbolism of rain in literature It has been seen that almost all authors use symbol within their works of literature in order to pull the attention of their readers. Using such symbolic concept it helps the poets in creating a secondary meaning. It also helps in connecting the gaps. Symbols need a careful analysis while in some circumstance it is quite clear. Water can be seen in many forms in literature including waterfalls, lakes, rivers, streams, or rain. The meaning of water symbol in literature can be taken in many ways. The most obvious are life, being born, purity, cleansing, or the washing away of sins. Water is very important to life and growth and it mainly appears as a birth and rebirth symbol. It is used in the baptism service which solemnizes spiritual births. Even the appearance of rain in the work of literature it suggests a spiritual birth. April is the cruellest month for the denizens of the modern wasteland, for it signifies rebirth and they prefer winter or spiritual death, for rebirth implies some efforts on their part and any spiritual effort is hateful to them. The spring rain brings new life to the landscape but all it manages to do is stirring/ dull roots. It suggests that nothing new will grow out of the symbolic wasteland. Through a protagonist named Tiresias, Eliot gives his impressions about the modern people. Tiresias has come across a German princess. She is fond of travel. She is an example of a rootless modern person. She has no connection with her family, community and nation. She is a kind of international globetrotter, fond of the physical comforts of life. Eliot considers such ties necessary for culture, for real life- spiritual and moral. The modern humanity, like German princess, lives entirely on the physical plane, and is entirely forgetful of religious and moral values. In winter, as they go through Munich they are overtaken by a shower of rain. They do not realize the purifying power of rain but rather seek shelter from it, as she is ignorant of its purifying and fertilizing significance. Shelly’s poem Cloud has treated rain in totally different manner. Rain which comes from cloud and it is supplied to the soil so that it regernate. Cloud become a gardener through rain it brings water to thirsty flowers as well as to the birds through the dew on the buds. It helps in harvesting the crops. Here rain is very significant while in the Eliot’s Wasteland people are unaware to the fertilizing power of rain. They try to save themselves with the showers of rain. In this lines the protagonist, Tiresias, then surveys the panorama of modern civilization and finds it spiritually barren and dead. The stones, dead trees, dry stones without any sound of water, all symbolize spiritual desolation. In the book 4 Paradise Lost by Milton Eve tells Adam about her first awakening and how she wondered when she come to know about her who she is and from where she came to life. She sees her image in to the lake through which she discovers herself as well as also aware that she is relative to Adam. Through the voice which she hears she come to know that she is the mother of the human race. Here Eve recognition looking in to the water symbolizes that Eve consciousness about her existence, the awareness of being born. We notice that when Tiresias surveys he finds nothing. But when Eve sees her image into the water she comes to know about her existence. The Tarot Pack of 78 cards, originally used in Egypt to foretell the rise of the Nile waters, and the return of fertility. But now the function of the pack has degenerated. It is used merely for fake fortune telling, an illegal activity. The Madame Sosostris is telling the fortunes of some client, who might be the protagonist himself. The drowned phoenician sailor is the symbol of the fertility god whose effigy was thrown into the river to symbolize the death of the summer. The drowned Phoenician sailor is related to the English myth of the Fisher King, whose wound causes the land to stop impregnate or regenerate. In this case he might represent the terrible curse that has fallen over Europe in the 20th century. The warning ‘fear death by water’ suggest that you need to avoid dying like the Phoenician sailor but it also true that fortune tellers are full of tricks you need to remember there is other way to â€Å"die by water.† So this warning refers to the spiritual drought which has fallen on the wasteland. In the poem of William Wordsworth The Prelude he describes water in the form of a lake, remembering a time when he was a young boy here it symbolize freedom and entrapment. Wordsworth recalls his time when he was a curious boy. In order to take a ride he borrows the boat of a shepherd one night. However, when he starts to row out into the lake he believes that he sees a cliff in the distance rise up in front of him, which petrifies him. Before this incident lake is described as a shining clear among the hoary mountains. A young boy slips his oars in the lake. The water seems peaceful and serene, begging to be rowed upon. Wordsworth enables to quell his desire to take the boat out for a ride. When Wordsworth witnesses the supernatural event into the lake he finds this place is no longer safe but rather fearful and wretched. His pleasurable ride becomes a panic stricken and he tries hard to make it back to land. The lake still peaceful and quite but a change has come in the attitude of Wordsworth. He tries to escape the water. The lake and ocean symbolize both freedom and entrapment. Wordsworth cannot row fast enough to escape the one peaceful lake. In the cases of both poem water is giving a kind of horrid experience. In one poem they are warning to fear from death by water while in other water is very calm and it is begging to be rowed upon by Wordsworth. But while rowing poet is full of fear which he experiences in the expedition on the lake. The lady asks the lover whether he knows anything, whether he sees anything, whether he remembers anything. The reply of the lover is that he remembers one line which is a quotation from Shakespeare’s The Tempest. This line is: â€Å"those are pearls, that were his eyes,† this line is reproduced mechanically by the lover. It has no spiritual significance for him. It does not give an idea of the transformation of man through death to something higher and nobler. This lines is taken from the William Shakespeare The Tempest,it refers to a person who drowned and has been underwater so long, his eyes has turned into pearls. It reminds the warning to avoid Death by water. Turning of eye symbolizes how the modern souls have become hard and lifeless. The hot water at ten. And if it rains, a closed car at four. And we shall play a game of chess, Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door. (Eliot 134-137) It is a brief summary of the dull, meaningless routine of life in the wasteland. Waiting for some excitement, for something to happen, this will enliven for a moment the dull routine of their life. While in the poetry of John Donne we see how a poet is very sad when he has to leave his beloved. He shows much concern for his beloved. In the poem A valediction: of weeping by John Donne image of water is shown with the use of tear. In the beginning of the poem when he is departing from his beloved he does not embrace her before going. Instead of it he finds his beloved reflection in his tears. Their separation cannot separate them it is undeniable separation. Next he takes tears of his beloved both â€Å"fruit† and â€Å"emblem†. It is fruit of his pain because which he is enduring in his present time while it is an emblem of his future grief because he will be away. Further he says that as his tears falls his reflection will also fall. He and she will become nothing. When her reflection falls thus she vanishes as he departs for his sea voyage. Then the tears of the lovers are endlessly generative and endlessly decay. When we both cry our eyes will fill with tears, and we won’t be able to see each other anymore. It has been noticed that people of wasteland is also waiting for any kind amusement in their dull routine of life whereas in Donne poetry instead of waiting he is departing leaving behind his beloved. ‘If it rain’ symbolizes that waiting for spiritual birth or reborn while fading of reflection in tears symbolizes to lose spirituality. The section ‘The Fire Sermon’ opens with Tiresias surveying the Thames scene in the autumn. The leaves have fallen down and the wind moves without any rustle. The Thames is deserted. In the summer, it had been the haunt of nameless ladies in search of momentary pleasure, and the rich sons of business directors equally in need of pleasure. After having their round of pleasure, they have all left. The river is strewn all over with empty bottles, cigarette cases, papers, handkerchiefs, etc, the reminders of the orgy of pleasure on its banks. The protagonist mourns the pollution of the river water. As he sits on its banks fishing in the dull canal near the gas house, a cold wind blows. It brings to him the sound of the senseless laughter of London crowds who move about rattling like dried bones. Memories crowd in upon him, and he is reminded of bonnnivard in the prison of chillon in Byron’s famous poem, lamenting the loss of freedom on the banks of lakes leman; or the captive jews in the bible weeping by the river Babylon. Since he is the spokesman of humanity, one who has suffered all, one whose memories go to the remote past, the scene also reminds him of the brother of the fisher king, fishing for the regeneration of his brother and of Ferdinand, mourning the death of his father, the king. In the past water and fishing were the symbol of regeneration and transformation but today they have lost their spiritual significance. The poet now refers to another scene: fishing near the river. The poet tries to fish in the canal behind the gas house, where a rat creep near him. Instead of finding a fish, he comes across an ugly rat. This reminds him of the story of Ferdinand where the king was exiled by his brother who usurped his throne. The real king may be compared to a fish while the usurping king may be compared to a rat. Today the scene of the river bank is very depressing. White naked bodies can be seen on the buildings of the bank. They are disturbed by the rats to be found on the bank. Today the roads along the bank are full of motor cars; the hooting of the horns is a signal for Mrs. Porter to meet her lover Sweeney. The face of Mrs. Porter shines under the moon-light. She is accompanied by her daughter. They wash their feet not in the river water but in soda water. They are doing so not for their self purification but to make their flesh fairer to attract males. We find such is the degeneracy in the modern wasteland. If we read the poetry snake by D.H Lawrence we find water is essential for drinking purpose without it nobody can think of leave. Everyone in the past or in the present always talks about the preserving of water but in the modern wasteland it is used for making their skin fairer. They are wasting water. People do not bother about its purification. A snake came to my water-trough on a hot, hot day, I in pyjamas for the heat, to drink there. (Lawrence, 1) In the beginning lines of DH Lawrence poem, the water symbolizes as a drinking water. As we know that when water come into the mouth of snake it transforms in a poison. A snake comes to water trough in order to drink water. The poet finds himself in a queu in which he has second number before him a snake which come as guest. The poet watches the yellow brown soft bellied snake at his water trough. It is drinking softly through its gums silently. While the poet is watching the snake drinking water snake lifts his head and looks at the poet vaguely, flickers his two forked tongue from his lips, take pause a moment and then drink a little more. With the sound of music in his ears, Tiresias goes along the strand and queen Victoria Street, and reaches the lower end of Thames Street. This is the part of the city where the poor live. There he hears, coming out of a tavern, the sweet music of a mandolin, and the chanter of fishermen and sailors who are resting in the tavern. There stands the church of St. Magus Martyr, the interior decoration of which is highly praised by Eliot. However, this haunt of the poor is also not pure from sexual perversion and sin as is brought out by the songs of the three Thames daughters, i.e., these poor girls living on the banks of the river. First the three sing together and then separately. They bemoan the polluting of river water symbolized by the oozing out of oil and tar. The river which is river Thames, sweating oil and tar, symbolizes the modern commercial pollution of the waters of the river. In Mattew Arnold poem Dover Beach, he is obsessed with water. It is constantly referred throughout the poem. Water symbolism has been treated like a sadness, misery and tears. It is clear to the very outset of the poem when he says the sea is calm; the tide is full; the straits of Dover look bright in the light of the moon; the cliffs loom large in the bay; the sand seems white because of moonlight. The poet draws the attention of his beloved to the sound of waves which alternatively advance and withdraw, carrying away pebbles from the beach each time they withdraw and throwing them up against the beach each time they advance. The poet finds a note of sadness in this sound. He recalls that of the Greek dramatist Sophocles also interpreted the sound of sea waves as sad. Sophocles, on hearing it, was reminded of tragedy of human life. The poet then points out that once upon a time the sea of religious faith was full, but now doubt and disbelief have combined to throw back the waves of faith from the world, leaving the world barren and cheerless. He means that religion has lost its hold upon the minds of people who have now become skeptical. The world has now become barren and men live in the darkness of ignorance, carrying on aimless struggle. The sea is everywhere in the poem Dover beach. It shows in different places and in different forms, but we feel its power all over the place. In the section ‘Death by water’ we see symbol in title. Water is the traditional symbol of purification and regeneration, but in the modern land of desolation it has lost its functions and has become a source of destruction. This is so because man has become beastly, given to the pursuit of wealth and sensuous pleasures. It is very similar to the poetry of The River by A.K Ramanujan. He is not praising river like the other poet mostly do instead of it he shows the flood which kills the inhabitant of the villagers like one pregnant women, Gopi and Brinda etc. The poet much concerns about the damage which the flood annually does to the people. The phoenician sailor; phlebas was young, tall and handsome, but he was drowned because his life was a sordid round of business activity and pleasure without any spiritual motivation. He was caught in a whirlpool and passed the various stages of his age and youth. The reference is to the ritual immersion of the effigy of the vegetation god, orisis, who was supposed to pass the various stages of life in the reverse order. He is old when he is immersed in water, he is young as rises and falls on the waves, then a boy, and is finally reborn. But there is no rebirth for the Phoenician sailor or modern humanity because of their moral degradation. The remedy lies in their being guided by moral and spiritual principles. At present they turn the wheel of life themselves, i.e, lead a life uncontrolled by spiritual considerations. Complete secularization and rejection of the supernal is at the root of the contemporary decay and disintegration. The influence of symbols in Indian literature als o A.K Ramanujan is a very famous poet of modern era. He has written a poem A River in which he has discussed about the flood which destroys everything. Through the symbol of river he describes about the havoc which is spread by flood. Here, in this poem water is a symbol of disaster and destruction. Madurai is a city of temples and poets. The poets living in this city write poems about cities and temples. Their poems also contain accounts of how every summer a river flowing through Madurai is reduced to a narrow stream and how; soon afterwards, it is flooded with the water of rains. When it is reduced to a narrow stream, its water cannot pass through the Watergates because of the piles of straw and women’s hair which obstruct its flow. The bridges over the river are marked with many patches of repair. Those stones of the bridges, which become wet, begin glisten, while the dry stones retain their original dull colour. The poets merely write poems about the floods in this river. A visitor once happened to spend one day in Madurai when a flood in the river was imminent. He heard people everywhere talking about the level of the water rising quickly. The people talked about the water rising over the steps leading to the river, and the water rising on the bathing places. He also heard people talking about the flood waters sweeping away three village homes, one pregnant woman, and a couple of cows, almost every year. Sailors himself cannot save from drowning in to the water as same to the villagers of Madurai. Both the poets at some extent have similar thought in order to show the destructive power of water. Last section ‘what the thunder said’â€Å"Here is no water, but only rock†, the reference is to the journey of sir Percival or Parsifal, the quester, to the kingdom of the fisher king in search of the holy grail. The knight and his followers reach the mountain on the top of which is the chapel perilous in which is kept the lost grail. There have been no rains for a long time, and it is a scene of desolation and barrenness which meets their eyes. There is no water at all and the rocks are cracked. There are gaps as in the in the mouth of an old man. There is not even silence, for there is the unpleasant noise of the wind passing through dried grass, the desert insects singing with a jarring sound, and the sound of thunder without rain. As the searchers climb the hill and near the chapel, they have hallucinations. Red ghostly figures seem to look out at them from mud cracked houses and mock and jeer at them. Such has been the experience of all those who have searche d for truth and spiritual salvation. The path of spiritualism is difficult and those who follow it often have such hallucinations. The repeated cry of â€Å"water, water† brings out vivdly the intensity of the suffering they have to undergo. The poet turns his back on the dead land and sits fishing on the shore of the river, i.e. he makes efforts at his spiritual re-generation.

Mass Marketing Is Dead

Mass market advertising was once an effective marketing tool. The â€Å"one product suits all† approach had its heyday and is now declining. Hallerman (2006) wrote that in an American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA) survey, only 28.7% of respondents now believe that untargeted advertising will be very effective by 2010. The survey is validating the consensus that mass marketing is dead. Increasingly, business leaders, marketing and advertising practitioners are looking at niches, market segments and differentiated audiences as targets.Emergence of Mass MarketingAccording to Lake (2007), marketing is the systematic conduct of business activities to result in a mutually advantageous exchange of products between buyers and sellers. It started off from the sales techniques used by traders and the promotional methods of skilled artisans. Mass marketing is a marketing approach in which the marketer addresses all segments of the market as though they are the same. It refer s to the treatment of the market as a homogenous group and offering the same marketing mix to all customers. (â€Å"Market Segmentation†. n.d.)Companies that employ this strategy expect to generate profits through economies of scale. Marketing, particularly mass marketing, became a discipline as we know it today after the emergence of (1) the mass production of goods; (2) channels of mass distribution of products; and (3) media for mass communication.Mass marketing required a mass supply of goods and the Industrial Revolution facilitated reaching greater volumes of production. New technologies engendered better machinery and production processes. Large quantities of products could now be manufactured at lower costs. This placed the goods within the reach of a greater number of consumers. It made little business-sense to encourage the purchase en masse of a product if such product was non-existent or not readily available for transfer to the buyer.The mass production of goods would have been, however, useless if the products did not reach the consumers. Again, the Industrial Revolution helped bring this forth. The invention of the steam engine led to the establishment of railways that brought the products en masse to distant markets at cheaper rates. Essentially, the railways brought isolated communities closer. Where before, produce of the area could only be sold within the locality, these may now be transported to and sold in far-away areas through the railway system.Now that products are easily reaching distant markets, their existence had to be brought to the attention of potential buyers. The message that â€Å"products were available for purchase affordably† had to be communicated. Again, the Industrial Revolution helped realize this. First, the Gutenberg press allowed the wide-scale dissemination of information through newspapers. Later on, we had the radio, television (broadcast and cable) and the internet.Of course, mass marketing did not magically emerge as soon as the objective condition of having mass production, mass distribution and mass communication existed. The subjective element had to exist. Entrepreneurial vision, drive, organization and resources had to implement the strategy. (Meyer and Dailey. n.d.)A classic example for mass marketing would be Henry Ford’s Model T car. Ford adopted mass production techniques and standardized output that resulted in lower costs. To generate demand for the Model T, it marketed as an automobile that would meet the needs of all buyers at an affordable price.Changing Consumer DemandA big impetuous for mass marketing came after the close of the Second World War. The war effort resulted in increased production capacity, new technology and most importantly, increased demand.A large segment of men went into the military service during the war. Women replaced them in the production of goods. Factories that used to produce consumer goods shifted towards producing weaponry and other resources needed to fight the war. This resulted in full employment of the labor force with greater spending capacity. However, due to the war and the limited supply of consumer goods, spending was â€Å"curtailed† and incomes were saved. According to McCann (1995), there was high pent-up demand when the war was over and the men returned home. Mass demand for consumer products logically followed this pent-up demand considering that the populace had wealth to spend.The new production capacity and improvements in electronics resulted in inexpensive radio and affordable television set. Households easily got hold of radio and television sets giving manufacturers a channel through which they may address the consumers. An almost universal audience for the manufacturers’ pitch was created.Bianco, et al. (2004) wrote the United States was far more uniform not only in terms of ethnicity but also of aspiration in the 1950s and 1960s. The ideal was to own the same model of car or lawnmower or products as the Joneses, or at least ones neighbors. This changed in the 1970s and 1980s due to greater affluence. From â€Å"I want to be normal†, says McDonald’s Light, it became â€Å"I want to be special†. (Bianco, et al., 2004)Multiplicity of Communication MediaThe development and widespread use of printed text in Europe in the1500s produced a brand new form of communication. A single message could now be duplicated with little error and distributed to thousands of people. (â€Å"Tutorial: Mass Communication†. n.d.) McCann (1995), however, said that it was broadcast media that served as the cornerstone of mass marketing.Print media is usually read by individuals even though a standard message may be printed in each copy. Broadcast media, on the other hand, can create a â€Å"monolithic eyeball† – millions of consumers tuned in to a single program. By its nature, broadcast media was for a long time a very viable c hannel for marketing. Bianco, et al (2004) reported that an advertiser in the 1960s could reach 80% of U.S. women by airing simultaneously on CBS, NBC and ABC a commercial spot.However, the hegemony of mass media in influencing consumers has diminished. Business competition and technological advances have resulted in a diversified mass media environment. We have the giant broadcast networks and a multitude of narrowcast cable TV stations. A Nielsen Media Research reported that the average U.S. household receives 100 TV channels in 2004 compared to only 27 in 1994. (Bianco, et al. 2004)Traditional broadcast media is also being affected by new media technologies. The internet has opened a new channel for marketing and is increasingly affecting advertising revenues traditional mass media. In fact, we now have an online version of almost every television station, newspaper and magazine.The internet has also allowed a democratization of mass communication. Now, every person can send out his message through blogs, personal websites and online forum. This in turn creates even more niches that the mass marketer must consider and contend with. Each website can potentially promote or demote a consumer good.Where the communication flow through traditional mass media channels was one-way, new media allowed interactivity. Readers or viewers can interact with the source of information being viewed. A blogger establishes a regular audience by addressing special interests. As with online forums, viewers are encouraged to respond.Current technology now also allows the consumer to by-pass even the most targeted advertising that a marketer may come up with. Personal video recorders are allowing consumers to watch a program when they want to. This has increased television viewing. Research, however, shows that personal video recorders were used to skip about 70% of ads. (Bianco, et al. 2004)SummaryThe same elements that gave rise to mass marketing are tearing it apart. Technologi cal advances brought forth mass production, mass distribution and mass communication. The ordinary consumer is faced with tons of consumer goods. Production techniques now allow mass production of custom products. Automobiles can now be produced in different styles, color, and accessories preferred by the consumer with minimal disruption in the assembly and at little additional cost.Products and consumer goods can now be easily distributed. Shipping of consumer goods is accessible to all. Individual sellers can easily sell and ship products as shown by the success of such online auction site as eBay. More importantly, information and communication technology has developed to the extent that access to information can not be limited. This allows consumers to be more discriminating.Mass marketing is a thing of the past. Mass marketing requires a mass market, a single market without differentiation. In fact, M. Lawrence Light, McDonald's global chief marketing officer said that the mass market never really existed. It was just that the available technologies of the past did not allow companies to reach the individual markets that existed then. (‘Marketing in the â€Å"Age of I†. 2004) While the world has grown smaller due to technological advances, it has magnified the diversity of consumers. Disparate communities are brought closer but proximity does not always translate into homogeneity.Since advances in technology will enable better data gathering, marketers will also be better at connecting with consumers. The marketing message can be refined to the point that it is not intrusive or invasive. According to James Stengel, Procter ; Gamble’s global marketing officer, the future of marketing will be oriented to permission marketing wherein marketing and advertising will be welcomed by consumers because they are viewed as relevant. (Bianco, et al. 2004) This, however, can no longer be done through mass marketing.ReferencesBianco, A., Lowry, T., Berner, R., Arndt, M., and Grover, R. The Vanishing Market. BusinessWeek (July 12, 2004). September 28, 2007. ;http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_28/b3891001_mz001.htm;Hallerman, David. June 16, 2006. The Death of Mass Marketing: eMarketer looks at the rise of ad targeting. September 28, 2007. ;http://www/imediaconnection.com/content/10063.asp;Lake, Laura. n.d. Marketing vs. Advertising: What’s the Difference? September 28, 2007. ;http://marketing.about.com/cs/advertising/a/marketvsad.htm;â€Å"Market Segmentation. n.d. September 29, 2007.   ;http://www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/;â€Å"Marketing in the ‘Age of I’†. BusinessWeek (July 12, 2004). September 28, 2007. ;http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_28/b3891011_mz001.htm;McCann, John M. March 10, 1995. The Changing Nature of Consumer Goods Marketing ; Sales. September 28, 2007. ;http://www.duke.edu/~mccann/cpg/cg-chg.htm;Meyer, Earl C. and Dailey, Lori A. n.d. Ma ss Marketing. September 29, 2007. ;http://www.answers.com/topic/mass-marketing?cat=biz-fin;â€Å"Tutorial: Mass Communication†. n.d. September 29, 2007. ;http://www.rdillman.com/HFCL/TUTOR/Media/media2.html;

Max

The film, Max, was directed by Menno Meyjes and those who stared included John Cusack (Max Rothman) and Noah Taylor (Adolf Hitler) among others. The major theme in the movie is the aftermath of the First World War where by, after the collapse of the Kaiser Imperial Reich, the Germans entered in to the newly created Weimer Republic and were faced with the problems of unemployment, poverty and great difference between the haves and have-nots. The essence of the essay is to discuss the major theme, how it’s presented in the film and the reasons for the historical/ cultures values presented in them film. After the First World War, though the Germans are defeated they remained defiant after the war and are being humiliated by the unjust treaties. . The writer/ director expose the anger and a rabid young man whose prejudice and passion led to death of millions of Jews. Max, a Jewish that was initially a painter and lost his arm in the war then became an art dealer in Munich streets where eventually he meets Hitler, a war veteran, who is penniless and further confused between joining the politics and or the artistic desires, they become close friends since their future had been shattered by the war. Max tries to guide Hitler in to successful artistic business, on the other hand, Hitler has another Mentor, Captain Myer, who acknowledges that Hitler has another potential in the politics. There is a struggle between the two mentors and eventually Myer wins and directs Hitler in to politics. The discussions between Max and Hitler clearly show how connected were the politics and art in Germany at that particular time, they further display how the art could the future Germany for better. One of the historical event presented in the movies though the major theme is the trearty of Versailles. After the war, the treaty of Versailles is a major concern to many Germans; Myer therefore formed a class which he used to teach propaganda against the Jews. Max tries to divert Hitler’s anger in to art but he does have the idea of how deep is Hitler’s anger, Max further tells Hitler that if could â€Å"pent up the stuff† within him on the canvas, them many possibilities would unfold Innocent Max at one point of moment tells his children about the Jewish world turning upside down in a couple of decades and after an Anti Semitic presentation which angers Hitler and eventually scribbles on his hand that â€Å"politics + arts = power†, where by the people will be the canvas and the politics will be his art.   All these are used to support the major them of the film. This film teaches the evolution of a culture that resulted to horrors of the Nazi leading to the cold war. There are some flaws in the film where by it concentrates too much on Max’s life’ despite good performances by actors like Cusack. Though good, the cinematography and direction does not also display Germany as it would have been   after the First world war but Germany is displayed like it is in the 20th century therefore the discussions between Max and Hitler aren’t in a historical context. Irrespective of the strong connection between politic and art, the idea of Hitler beginning from the road as an art dealer to the man we acknowledge as Hitler is a bit naà ¯ve and too simple and further tries to humanize Hitler despite never excusing his actions occasionally. Hitler though maintained a moustache after the war is presented being clean shaved in the film. Max is a fiction story of one early man who was very evil and the circumstances that led to his evil behavior; it further explains why the German nationalism after the WW1 resulted to genocide and violence. REFRENCE Max (2002/I), retrieved on 20th, October, 2007, available at www.imdb.com/title/tt0290210/

Redefining moments - Emphasis

Redefining moments Redefining moments Many professionals may need to use creative or lateral thinking in their work, but heres a competition that invites anyone to do just that for individual words. This is the so-called Washington Post Mensa Invitational for which neither organisation seems prepared to claim credit. The challenge: to humorously redefine either a common word, or one that has been subtly changed by a letter or two (or, to put it in popular political phrasing, that has undergone redaction*.) While the competition itself may be something of an urban myth, entries apparently pour into the newspaper yearly. Unsolicited** or not, here are some highlights from the 2009 batch (plus a few of our own, below). Straightforward alternative definitions Coffee n. The person upon whom one coughs. Flabbergasted adj. Appalled by discovering how much weight one has gained. Balderdash n. A rapidly receding hairline. Circumvent n. An opening in the front of boxer shorts worn by Jewish men. Subtly-altered redefined words Giraffiti n. Vandalism spray-painted very, very high. Sarchasm n. The gulf between the author of sarcastic wit and the person who doesnt get it. Decafalon n. The gruelling event of getting through the day consuming only things that are good for you. Pointless^? Perhaps. But you may never look at another word quite the same way again. If you have any suggestions for, or opinions on, these Semantex ^^ shenanigans, leave them here. *Redaction n. Communist to-do list. **Unsolicited adj. Able to walk past a red light district unchecked. ^Pointless adj. [colloquial Birmingham] Left out of a pub round. ^^Semantex n. The practice of changing the meanings of words with explosive consequences.

Free Essays on La Plume

La plume J’te donne la plume pour qu’tu dessines La plus belle ville que t’aies connue Le plus bel hymne que t’ai voulu J’te donne la plume moi j’en veux plus J’te donne la plume pour savoir vivre Parler, à ©crire et danser Pour reste ivre bien à ©veillà © J’te donne la plume et mes conneries Garde les Voil une heure que je t’attends Voil mon cÅ“ur prudence en sortant Compter les heures depuis longtemps Est revenu mon cÅ“ur dà ©poser en sortant J’te donne la plume pour que t’inscrives Perpà ©tuellement la vie construire Ce mouvement si dur J’te donne la plume Moi j’en veux plus Voil une heure que je t’attends Voil mon cÅ“ur prudence en sortant Compter les heures depuis longtemps Est revenu mon cÅ“ur dà ©poser en sortant Voil une heure que je t’attends Voil mon cÅ“ur prudence en sortant Compter les heures depuis longtemps Est revenu mon cÅ“ur dà ©poser en sortant... Free Essays on La Plume Free Essays on La Plume La plume J’te donne la plume pour qu’tu dessines La plus belle ville que t’aies connue Le plus bel hymne que t’ai voulu J’te donne la plume moi j’en veux plus J’te donne la plume pour savoir vivre Parler, à ©crire et danser Pour reste ivre bien à ©veillà © J’te donne la plume et mes conneries Garde les Voil une heure que je t’attends Voil mon cÅ“ur prudence en sortant Compter les heures depuis longtemps Est revenu mon cÅ“ur dà ©poser en sortant J’te donne la plume pour que t’inscrives Perpà ©tuellement la vie construire Ce mouvement si dur J’te donne la plume Moi j’en veux plus Voil une heure que je t’attends Voil mon cÅ“ur prudence en sortant Compter les heures depuis longtemps Est revenu mon cÅ“ur dà ©poser en sortant Voil une heure que je t’attends Voil mon cÅ“ur prudence en sortant Compter les heures depuis longtemps Est revenu mon cÅ“ur dà ©poser en sortant...

Trade and multinational enterprises Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trade and multinational enterprises - Coursework Example As at 2003, China had the third largest growth in the in FDI. There are clear indications that foreign direct investments are increasing steadily. This aspect is not surprising, as it is well known that the market size and opportunities that are available in China are favoring this growth. Again, the aspect of the open market policies that are followed by China in the course of the last two decades and the unending efforts (Adams, 2011). The efforts have lured more FDI has led to the increase in the FDI growth especially the Germany-based companies that accounts for the largest percentage of the foreign companies (Huang and Tang, 2011). This idea has resulted in an increase in the interest of many manufacturing companies to invest in China. Much of the China’s economic development depends on the policy making and extensive continuous FDI that facilitates and inward investment. Moreover, foreign development and investment of the manufacturing sector is critical in establishing the superstructure and infrastructure in the modern market policy. China has been the most attractive destinations for investment for many global players today. The reason behind for this trend is that the manufacturing industry in China forms one of the crucial investment avenues in the China’s economy and has a significant contribution to the total employment and the GDP (Adams, 2011). The other less important fact is that the country has relatively saturated markets in United States, Europe, and Japan who push for the big manufacturing other manufacturers to elsewhere and the China becomes an option as a prime destination for emerging industrialization. In 2009, China was the largest manufacturing country across the globe. The growth potential in the manufacturing industry in China in yet to be further developed more in many years to come. The likely trend is that the global manufacturers are going to shift their focus to the China markets

Cities have the right to ban smoking in public Essay - 1

Cities have the right to ban smoking in public - Essay Example All cities around the world have a right to ban smoking in order to safeguard the health of its masses. On that note, it is going to follow the five steps of persuasion that entails the establishment of credibility, acknowledging the audience’s position, constructing a rationale, transplanting root elements, and seeking for a response (Lakhani, 2005). For instance, in the establishment of credibility, it is significant to observe that smoking causes health problems both to the active and passive smoker. Experts note that out of the 4000 chemical compounds that are found in cigarettes, 400 are noxious substances and cause various diseases and health risks. Similarly, the tar contained in all cigarettes causes both lung and mouth cancer. Additionally, addictive nicotine raises the cholesterol levels in a human body. Apart from the harmful effects of tar and nicotine, there is carbon monoxide that depletes the oxygen levels in the body. Another fundamental factor why banning of smoking in the cities is paramount is it reduce risks to non-smokers. These are the people also called the passive smokers. It is said that passive smokers are more exposed to the harmful effects of smoking than the active smokers (Haneline & Meeker, 2010). They, for instance, are prone to asthmatic attacks and the infections of the bronchia. Alternatively, according to Action on Smoking and Health group, the risk of heart attack increases for non-smokers if they are exposed to 30 minutes of smoking. On the same account, in a BBC News report released in 2002, many people in London succumbed to heart disease because of secondhand smoke. Therefore, despite the doubts that the audience may harbor against the banning of smoking in the cities around the world, there are other valid reasons. For example, my rationale construction postulation states that the ban of smoking will have many positive effects. This means that there will be