Night Market

WHAT IS NIGHT MARKET Night markets or night bazaars are street market which operate at night and are generally dedicated to more leisurely strolling, shopping, and eating than more businesslike day markets. They are typically open-air markets. Night markets are commonly known as Pasar Malam by the locals, which literally means night market, â€Å"pasar† being related to â€Å"bazaar† in Persian or also the meaning â€Å"market† in Malay, and â€Å"malam† meaning â€Å"night†. A pasar malam is a street market in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia that opens in the evening, usually in residential neighbourhoods.WHAT IS IN THE NIGHT MARKET Night market brings together a collection of stalls that usually sell goods such as fruit, vegetables, snacks, toys, clothes, movie discs and ornaments at cheap or at least reasonable prices. A night market often takes place only one to a few days of the week, as the traders rotate around different neighbourhoods on d ifferent days of the week. Haggling over prices is a common practice at such markets. WHY PEOPLE LIKE TO GO NIGHT MARKET Night markets or night bazaars are street markets which operate at night.Most of the people like to go night markets because of convenience, cheaper price of items, shop for leisure, temptation of local food where you might not get it from restaurants, and strolling. It is very common to find the night market or the street market in Malaysia that usually opens from evening till night. Night market is usually located in residential areas. You are able to find the night markets only one to a few days of the week at one residential area. The traders will also be selling their things around different neighborhoods on different days.Night market is a one stop place whereby many stalls sell goods such as local food, fruits, vegetables, toys, clothes, shoes, and many more at cheaper prices, where at least the items are cheaper. NIGHT MARKET IN MALAYSIA The good thing of night market at Malaysia is, you can see the night market’s stalls are selling different things by our main three ethnics, which are Malay, Chinese and Indian. This is one of the reasons why more and more tourists start to hit the night market at Malaysia, as they are able to see the culture of Malaysia, goes with the traditional food from different races.As we are pacing up the trend of advanced technology of lifestyle, same goes as the demand of food. A combination of traditional Malay food in the modern life, we have even more tasty delicious food yet maintaining the traditional taste of recipes when we pay a visit to the Malay night markets. During the olden days at the Malay food stalls, most of them are just selling the traditional food such as satay, nasi lemak, kuih, spicy rendang chicken, lemang goes with the delicious rendang beef. Normally the traders will cook at home or restaurants first, and then only they do food packing and sell to the customers.Some Malay tra ders do also sell some Chinese or Indian concept of food. For example, you can see some Malays are selling ‘yong tau fu’ or ‘muruku’. SITUATION AT NIGHT MARKET Night market is not a strange place for today's city life. It is almost as same as the wet market. The difference is the market starts in the evening whereas the wet market starts in the morning. Besides that, only every Monday and Wednesday, the place is swarmed with people. On other days, the field is just gathered by a few cows grazing on the coarse grass. Night market is a spectacular and colourful market.From one end to the other, one can see a dense mass of human heads moving about restlessly under the bright neon lights of the hand-carts and stalls. These temporary stalls sell all manners of useful household goods, food and drinks. Night market is a colourful place. There are many types of fruit and vegetables, such as red tomatoes, orange carrots, green capsicums, etc, which are sold. There a re all kinds of clothes and materials too. There are different kinds of coloured plastic goods and so on. All of them add up to a marvellous view under the bright moonlight.The field at the night market is crowded by people from all walks of life. Cars spill over everywhere from the parking area to the roadsides. In such condition, only the early birds will get parking spaces. Motorcycles and bicycles going in and out. The crowds of people are walking about and the loaded carts on the middle of the path make it even more difficult to move. It is closed to traffic jam during peak hours in town. It seems like the whole community is there. Furthermore, it is also a noisy place. All around, customers and hawkers are bargaining.The din is earshattering. Nevertheless, everyone is in good mood. The shouting and bargaining are enjoyed by both customers and hawkers. â€Å"Apples! Four for $1! Cheap sale! † come the cries of one hawker. Then another hawker suddenly cries, â€Å"Apples ! Five for $1! Come on! Cheap sale! Cheap sale! † Obviously, there are already a number of people examining the fruits. There are people laughing and children crying. Just two stalls away, the loud music of cd vendors comes along cheering up the situation. The stall is also brightly illuminated. No doubt, it is doing a roaring business.Then a few stalls away, traditional medicine sellers promote their medicine. They use a microphone to speak and a loudspeaker to spread their voice. Becauseof that, a big crowd of customers will take a look and buy their products. All of that bring a festive atmosphere in the night market. There are loud and happy music like clashing ofcymbals and beating of drums, children's laughter, hawkers' call and teenagers' giggling. Everyone is in a holiday mood – enjoying the tasty food and drinks and unwinding after a hard day's work. By about 9 p. m. awkers begin to pack their things into vans. Some of them remain to get some last minute sellin g done. â€Å"$1 only, Madam! This is the last one. I sold for $2 just now but I want to go home now. † In this way, many sales transactions are closed. Furthermore, most vendors have a hard life, trying to make both ends meet. They really need to make some profits each night. Although the night market is very crowded and noisy, but the hawkers and customers will come back again and again because the night market is where things are cheaper as there are no middlemen to make a profit for themselves.

Morality Play Essay

* Popular from the early 1400s to the 1580s. * Morality plays were about the fate of a single individual’s soul. * The main character represented all men and often had a name such as Mankind or Everyman to demonstrate their allegorical function. * They include vice and temptation characters attempt to corrupt the Everyman figure. * Allegorical characters also represent virtues. The ‘Everyman’ character listens to them and takes note of warnings, often returning briefly to his ‘good’ lifestyle. * A reform/relapse pattern is repeated several times. * Through a series of blunders and moral lessons the hero is gradually educated into an understanding of the difference between right and wrong and the nature of god. * At the end, the main character settles his accounts with God and either lives or dies forgiven and Christian. He is wiser and better at the end of the play. * A chorus, such as the Messenger and Doctor characters in Everyman, is used to comment on and explain the action for the audience. Elements of Renaissance plays. * Contain soliloquies in which a highly distinct self reflects upon his own desires and actions. * Celebrate the scope of human powers while acknowledging their boundaries; there is a duality at work which praises man’s creative powers (by implication also those of the poet, or author) but concedes that man is not God and that ultimately all his powers derive from God. * They begin to refer to the new countries and things being discovered by explorers, mentioning exotic settings and transporting their audiences around the world. Renaissance ideas * The body and soul are separate and linked with different elements and humours. * Catholicism was banned in England and the Pope was considered the antichrist by some. * Renaissance scholars studied classical literature, including Roman and Greek philosophy. Discussion of what it meant to be human centred on reason, balance and dignity – much more individualistic than medieval scholastic thinking. * The humanist attitude to the world was anthropocentric: instead of regarding humanity as fallen and corrupt, their idea of truth and excellence was based on human values and experience; people openly questioned religious theology and teaching. * The world was dynamic, changing and exciting. Plays explored the many contrasts between how people should behave and how they actually do, and the questions and contradictions thrown up by a changing world.

Bush Sr & Clinton East Asian Security Approaches Essay Example for Free

Bush Sr & Clinton East Asian Security Approaches Essay President Bush via a main strategic reappraisal as well as continuing below president Clinton together with the U. S Secretaries of Defense Aspin and Perry. The previous administration tried and it is still trying to come into good terms with domestic pressures. It wants a calm dividend as well to adapt what the U. S has been always doing strategically to post cold war circumstances in a safe plus cautious way. All of this assists in helping to keep alive the rationales behind a United States bilateral security relationship with its Northeast Asian allies. Regardless of these echoes of the cold war, there is no one who can escape the truth that the cold war is presently over and that the Soviet Union does no longer exist. Furthermore, in Northeast Asia, also, the need has emerged to restructure U. S post Cold War alliances in order to make them fit the moments. A revision of the bilateral alliance relations goes on; there has been mounting interest in applying multilateral approaches towards the region’s issues. The Clinton administration did not have a well developed vision for what it intended to do in the Asia Pacific region during the time it entered the office. This seems to exactly know how it intended to deal with Asia by putting greater emphasis relatively within diplomacy as well security on a multilateral means over bilateral venues. During the first Clinton administration, inspiration regarding this approach appears to stalk from a bit reluctant admiration for the ways Southeast Asian states have tried to utilize multilateral techniques. The successes enjoyed by hatchling economic organizations in Asia such like the Pacific Basin Economic Council, the APEC forum and the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council. In any case, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia together with the Pacific Affairs Winston Lord signaled the administration of Clinton. They signaled because Clinton had an intention of relaxing past United States objections towards multilateralism. He intended to do this by stating the goal the administration had towards Asia Pacific region. The goal was just to develop the multilateral forums for safety consultations while maintaining the sold foundation of the alliances. President Clinton has put more emphasis on the multilateral theme when he emphasized the phrase which was â€Å"a new Pacific community†. Winston used this expression earlier on although President Clinton placed it at the center stage internationally. Tokyo gets preoccupied by domestic political turmoil. It got preoccupied because the Japanese seemed to be reluctant to let the well known aspects of their bilateral security go. During the President Clinton administration, was somehow captivated because of the repayments multilateralism tent to give. The major disparagement of the United States governmental enthusiasm came from PRC. Despite the fact that Chinese suspected the idea, there was no any sign that what the Clinton administration was carrying on amounted to a closet form of unilateralism. The prospect for Northeast Asian multilateralism is so challenging. President Clinton, tent to give support concerning multilateral approaches in dealing with the problems of East Asia’s security. In the earlier administration, multilateralism was refused in support of reliance entirely on the existing bilateral alliances. The good security framework for the region consisted of a fan together with its base in Northern America and radiating west across the Pacific. The administration of Clinton reaffirmed the existing security alliances. It called for new equipments multilateral in character which was to supplement the U. S bilateral arrangements in dealing with the present emerging security problems. Washington did not advocate developing new comprehensive agencies, for example the conference on security and cooperation in Asia or the Northeast Asia Treaty Organization within this context. The multilateral agencies are going to be constructed for specific problems and they will differ in membership and the structure as required due to the administration of Clinton. The emphasis on a return towards a more traditional approach to a foreign policy in Asia is actually a prominence on bilateral and unilateral initiatives against multilateral ones. A larger focus on narrow military security issues over economic together with the marginalization of newer issues such as health and environment. However, there was tension and twist in the bush’s administration. The tension was concerning the conflict among the open trade wing of the Republican Party. The tension really emphasizes admission to the markets in promotion of U. S corporate interests. It again emphasized on the more security oriented folks who recognized military threats as the overriding concern of United States policy in the region. As a result, the tension was well-defined in assembly than in the executive branch. Pressure was far above the ground in White House depending on Bush’s arrangements to the key economic posts. The pressure was on the treasury, the United States Trade Representatives together with the description of the National Economic Council. Interweave was not similar with traditional realists. Some members of Bush’s Asia overseas policy squad saw a responsibility for advancing electoral democracy abroad. They saw it as a way of enhancing the economic welfare along with the safety of the United States within the area. During the Clinton’s administration, he tried to position rhetorically more emphasis on the two Asia Pacific forums. He again put more emphasis on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Post Ministerial Conference plus the new ASEAN Regional Forum. As far as multilateralism is concerned, the Clinton administration expressed a readiness to pay attention in letting nations of the region decide on the regional problems instead of dictating them from Washington. Even if the Clinton administration acted in agreement with these promises they are still not clear. The idea of the President Clinton’s administration did not become a reality with reference to multilateral agencies in supplementing United States bilateral associations. It intended to give a framework for security dialogue as well as the cooperation. It wanted to do this by offering the potential to redress the most stressing aspects of the present approaches to achieving security objectives in East Asia. Bush has foreign policy advisers who had a significant experience about Asia. These advisers really shaped the Bush administration policy towards Asia; from the time Bush signified that he had a big personal interest in associations with Latin America and Europe. Relating to the economic issues, there is a slight difference linking the Clinton administration as well as the Bush administration. Bush seems to be more of an unconditional free trader. That means that even the present modest efforts at integrating environmental and labor matters into bilateral trade agreements will not be present from the Bush outline. This fact will be greeted with sighs of relief between the business leaders together with the region’s political leaders. The biggest change under Bush’s administration was a greater emphasis on intensifying the alliances. He wanted to intensify alliances on matters concerning bilateral with Japan, the Philippines, South Korea and Thailand. That created the establishment of the cold war-era security structural design in Asia. Bush noted that people must show the American powers and purpose in supporting Asian people. That meant that they must keep their promise to discourage violent behavior against the Republic of Korea as well as strengthening security ties with Japan. That was through expanding theater missile defenses between their allies. The main motivation for USG participation in East Asia has always been right of entry to the markets of Asia. In one way or the other the Bush administration determined to strengthen the United States and Japan alliance. He intended to strengthen them by encouraging Japan to play a significant role concerning security matters within the region. That includes the redefining assignment of Japan’s self-protection armed forces as well as paying more of the bills. It is not clear at all that there is support either in the area as a whole or within Japan for Japan to assume a better security task. From China’s opinion, Bush’s success raises the view of stronger White House assistance for theatre in addition to nationwide missile protection systems. His success again raises the advanced levels of United States arms supplies to Taiwan of which Beijing stubbornly opposes. Gore administration gave greater scope to organized labor than Bush White House. The AFL-CIO did not manage to prevent the Clinton administration against pursuing trade at no cost with China. Alternatively Japan has been far less pleased with the next term of the Clinton administration compared to China. Japan resented the downgrading of the United States associations as the keystone in Asia. Clinton’s administration gave acknowledgment on a regular basis to bilateral. He emphasized on U. S and South Korean initiatives within the current cautious steps in the direction of finishing the isolation of North Korea. It is said that President Clinton passed over Japan during his visit to Beijing which was done in the year 1998. There are some issues whereby the Bush administration differs drastically with the Clinton administration. It is said that the Clinton’s administration, there were actually some few foreign policy conquest stories. That was the negotiation of the established structure in the year 1994. North Korea arranged to chill its nuclear plan in trade for the structure of two nuclear reactors as well as fuel oil shipments. During the time when the United States had to follow the guide of South Korean President together with the North, connection eased and pressures on the neck of land were at their depths of despair in memory. During the administration of Bush it really threatened to demoralize the significant development which was made within this area. Congregational republicans over-involved time after time the implementation of the framework. It did this by preserving appropriations, even if South Korea and Japan provided the enormous bulk of the funds beneath the agreement. There are a good number of very essential continuities among the Clinton as well as the Bush administration concerning East Asian security policy. This should not surprise as much as the Clinton administration embraced a lot of bedrocks of post cold war East Asian. They inherited this from the first Bush administration which was actually based on long time United States interests. It might be surprising if at all there were not permanence across administration for the reason that the basics of the US security policy within East Asia really transcend administrations. It is very necessary to recall the aforesaid fundamentals of continuity since the Bush foreign policy team came to office. The Clinton administration had already a bad work with virtually every aspect of the East Asian security policy. It might be astonishing if at all there was no permanence within administrations for the reason that the basics of US security policy in East Asia go beyond administrations (Martin, 112). It is very essential to recall the aforementioned elements of continuity since the Bush foreign policy team appeared to the office. The Clinton administration did not do a good job with virtually every aspect of East Asia security policy. The only way to distinguish the Bush administration with the one for Clinton is that there was a lot of reticent to insist that the core of gravity of United States security policy within East Asia is the coalition with Japan. The Clinton administration was not sure whether China or Japan was significant. it was too preventive in connections with Taiwan even if in fairness, as far as security matters is concerned. The Clinton Defense Department started inquiring very seriously into the state of Taiwan’s defenses and it also started pressing Taiwan to recover the software characteristic of their defense attitude. Bush administration was too captivated with multilateralism that was unsuitable for the region or had the potential to deteriorate bi-lateral alliances. The administration of Bush had a more customary approach meaning that it is not likely to involve Asia effectively on two wide areas of growing concern. That is global environmental matters for example the climate change, ozone, invasive species and global health matters such like communicable diseases. Bush did not propose the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. He did not consider China’s proposal that greenhouse gas discharge be restricted on a per capita basis instead of a per country basis. The very poor records that were kept by Bush concerning the environment in Texas didn’t bode very well in engaging Asia on essential environmental issues. However, the first Bush administration is more likely to be fragmented, incoherent as well as contradictory. It suffered from the vision thing for so many reasons. In the first place, the Bush administration lacked a clear mandate. When he was campaigning, the new president did not offer sound foreign policy plan as a package, Asia countries included. Last but not least, East Asia has really undergone a considerable transformation since the time President Bush started ruling. Nevertheless, the coverage of this revolution in the western press is over and over again restricted to articles on China’s environmental problems or North Korea’ nuclear ambitions. Most of the East Asia’s leaders believe that for United States policy toward East Asia which has always remained essentially bilateral as well as ad hoc for decades to go on to be valuable, it must be updated to reflect more accurately contemporary realities in the region. Finally, Multilateral as well as unilateral sanctions have always been imposed on Iran in order to increase the pressure on its regime. The United States puts more prominence on its wide range of unilateral sanctions. Works Cited Glen, S. Axis of Evil and Rogue States: The Bush Administration. Washington: Glen Segell Publishers, 2006. Martin, G. International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century. Routledge, 2007. Seung, H. North Korea’s Second Nuclear Crisis and Northeast Asian Security. New York: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2007. Bush Sr & Clinton East Asian Security Approaches. (2016, Jul 31). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Position paper base on a recent issue related to the constitution and Research

Position base on a recent issue related to the constitution and the executive branch - Research Paper Example d effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Dahl, 2003). It is all about privacy in the search and seizure provisions of the 4th amendment. The amendment simply provides protection against searches and seizures in criminal investigations by federal or state law enforcers that are unreasonable in nature. Any evidence obtained in a criminal investigation case in the course of search for seizure is unlawful if it cannot be of use at the court trial of the individual from whom the evidence was confiscated (Billias, 2009). In the Fourth Amendment, for an arrest or search to take place, the warrant must be approved judicially. Basically, searches must plainly be reasonable and the warrant necessity ought to have been clearly stressed and pointed out. The Fourth Amendment is only applicable to governmental searches and seizures in criminal investigations but not to the ones done by private establishments or nationals who are not acting on behalf of a government. I am in support of the Fourth Amendment due to a number of reasons. Firstly, the amendment is beneficial to citizens because it offers them protection against governmental actions that are unreasonable in nature (Harper, 2007). For instance, particular guidelines have to be met in the issuance of a warrant for it to be considered legal and must be strictly complied to protect the citizen and the law enforcer. Those who framed the constitution saw that intrusions by governmental agencies in cases involving criminal investigation encroached on the rights of the public. In previous times, it was common for officials to harass average citizens who had no means of preventing searches and seizures that were unwarranted. The 4th Amendment is of great importance as it constitutes legal representation of

Software Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Software Company - Essay Example Strengths†¢ Good knowledge about different software development languages and platforms†¢ Owner is aware of cross cultural diversity and may adopt a new marketing and management strategy†¢ Ability to forecast increases the chances of survivability for the company during financial recessions†¢ High-quality product and cost-effective price†¢ Interested and passionate about software development†¢ Professional Web design and information architecture†¢ Good company locationWeakness  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Lack of reputation in (country name) market†¢ Owner has to prove himself in (country name) market†¢ Because company is a sole proprietorship, may be slow response time for customers†¢ Limited production rate†¢ Limited growth rate†¢ Services are limited to medium-sized and large companies  Opportunity  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Software development is a thriving industry†¢ Future strategic alliances†¢ Retainer contractsThreats  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ New comp etitors entering markets†¢ New technological changes†¢ Economic slowdown†¢ Political, legislative, and regulatory changesActions for addressing weaknesses: To increase the responsiveness of the company, the owner will always carry small tablet with him at all times.Future growth opportunities will be considered, such as becoming a registered company to increase product rate and growth.

My most attractive adversary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My most attractive adversary - Essay Example I think it is not fair when men do this, because it is not the fault of women that our world gives so many advantages to men. Part of the problem lies in the fact that there are more men than women in senior positions in the workplace. For many centuries men have been the ones to hold all the power and money in society and now things are gradually changing. It seems to me that some of the remarks that men make are an example of jealousy and fear. Men who make flattering remarks to women want to show that they are in control and part of the dominant group. By making women different, they are excluding women from the group. This essay reflects the cultural values of the United States. In some countries, such as in the Middle East or parts of Asia, for example, very few women take up senior and professional roles. It may be that in future both men and women in these countries will also have to rethink their use of language in relation to issues of gender in the

Impact of establishment of HCT in the Western Region Research Proposal - 1

Impact of establishment of HCT in the Western Region - Research Proposal Example Questionnaires- the questionnaires will be handed out door to door to the participants while. Open-ended questionnaires would be more appropriate to ensure that the participants feel they can speak their mind and are not restricted in any way. In addition, the questionnaires will also be handed out to the students in class to get their views. Focus groups will also be used. The participants will be grouped in accordance to age and areas where they reside to get their views on how the establishment of HCT colleges has affected the Western region. Simple random sampling was used to guarantee that all different points of view are taken into consideration. This will help in ascertaining that the data collected is accurate and that it reflects what the entire population believes and not just a partial part of the population is used in the analysis (Kothari,

Business Excellence Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Excellence Model - Essay Example Quality is the key because any process completed without the expected quality will be abhorred by the intended customers, leading to problems for the organization. So, Total Quality Management (TQM) is the management function, which should be incorporated in all the processes that will happen in an organization. Furthermore, if Excellence is inbuilt into that TQM, then there will be optimal quality in all the processes, making organization’s every initiative a successful endeavour. So, this paper by focusing on the term â€Å"Excellence† from the perspective of TQM, will discuss how excellence can be managed optimally in an organization. According to princeton.edu, Excellence can be defined as the â€Å"quality of excelling and also possessing good qualities of highest degree†. The term gives the same meaning when analyzed from the organizational perspective as well. That is, when the organization produces products or offers services, they have to incorporate quality in it. Only if there is quality, it can succeed, otherwise it will be disliked by the customers. While trying to maintain that quality, the organization will also or should also try to achieve excellence. This state of excellence could be some thing that is set by the organization themselves or by certain external agencies. So, only if organizations achieve excellence in quality, it can reach the ‘minds’ of the customers, then entice them and eventually ‘push’ them to buy the organization’s products or use their services. â€Å"Quality is ensuring everything we do has the customer in mind... Quality is about buil ding reputation, performance and an attitude of winning in everything we do.† (Zafirovski) The leader or the management team should always put a lot of emphasis on the concept of TQM, to provide a quality end product or service to the customer. TQM is â€Å"an organizational undertaking to improve the quality of manufacturing and service. It focuses on obtaining continuous

Law of Insurance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Insurance - Case Study Example , which is paramount to analysing the first part of the problem.4 The case of Lucena v Crauford [1806], the court held that the fact that the claimant had a factual loss was not enough to prove that he had an insurable interest in the property.5 The decision in this case may apply to our current facts scenario as Andy and Bhavinda would not have an insurable interest in the stamps since they do not belong to them; although they may suffer a factual loss of owing their friend the value of the stamps through the principles of bailment.6 Another leading case in this area is the case of Macura v Northern Assurance Co. Ltd. [1925]. In that case, Mr. Macura had taken out an insurance policy in his own name on timber which legally belonged to the company, although the company was owned and operated by him; after the timber had been destroyed by a fire and Mr. Macura tried to make a claim under his policy, the court held that he did not have an insurable interest and only the company would h ave an insurable interest in that particular timber.7 This comes from the principle that a legal company is a separate legal person from its members.8 The only way that the stamps would have been covered by the policy is if there had been provision for third-party losses; however, this is not stated within this particular facts scenario. The problem here is that UDO is refusing to pay anything, citing that the couple were significantly under-insured. They are basically citing that Andy and Bhavinda misrepresented the amount of goods that they were in possession of to be covered. In effect, the test described in the case of Pan Atlantic Insurance Co. Ltd v Pine Top Insurance Co. Ltd. [1995] should be used by the court to determine whether or not s.2(2) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 should apply.9 The test determines that the circumstance may be material even if it does not induce a prudent underwriters decision to accept it or not and at what premium; however, if it is determined that it did not induce the contract, the insurance company cannot use it to avoid the contract.10 By applying the test to this case, the fact that Andy and Bhavinda had only indicated that the value of the contents was only 10,000 would at least have some effect on premiums charged, and therefore would most likely be determined by the court as a misrepresentation of fact as covered under s.2(2) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967, for which the remedy is rescission and the insurer would be able to rescind the contract and refuse paying out any claims, as they did in fact do as explained in our facts scenario. However, Andy may be attempt to rely on the case of Joel v Law Union and Crown Insurance Co. [1903], in which it was held that there is no need to disclose what you do not know; however, it was shown in the facts that he did know about Bhavinda storing the stamps, he had in fact just forgotten at the time he was purchasing his insurance.11 Since the fact that only 10,000 was fal sely provided

Sex Ed Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Sex Ed Research Paper Essay In today’s society one has to try to determine whether we as adults are adequately preparing our young adults and teenagers for the responsibilities of adult hood, specifically when it come to relationships, sexual education available to them, and sexual intercourse. We are going to look at a few topics that need to be answered to see whether we are truly preparing our next generation appropriately to become parents and well informed young adults. The questions we seek to answer are: Are people who have their first child at a younger age more likely to favor sex education in public schools than people who have children at a later age; Are people of a younger age more likely to support the use of birth control use of teenagers than people of a later age; and Are people more likely to favor premarital sex amongst young adults over premarital sex amongst teenagers? Trying to understand how modern society relates to the subject of sex education can help guide and mold our next generation of young parents and adults. This is important to help young adults evolve from the common idiom of allowing history to repeat ones mistakes. If one does not take steps to inform them, then we are condemning them to repeat our past mistakes, by educating them and molding them to be prepared for young adulthood we can help prevent unwanted pregnancies, stop the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and hopefully give them a better start to their adult lives. Why do we, as a modern society, want to provide sex education to our children? Well the simple truth is many of us older adults are not educated enough about sex to teach them what sexually transmitted diseases there are out there, many adults tend to be afraid to let their children know what we did at their age, and some of us really are not prepared to explain how, for my case, how an opposite sex partners body works. We need educated people to inform our children about many of these things. Birth control in my day was way different than it is today, that is why we rely heavily on doctors to prescribe what is right for a young adult female. Now as a father of a now 20 year boy, I could and did have a pretty in-depth talk with my son about condom use and some of the things that I know but it was not near as much as what a teacher in a school has for information for them to learn. This is going to date me, but back when I was growing up our sex education class was part of home economics. We had a flour bag baby with an egg in the center of flour bag. We had to carry that 5lb bag with us everywhere we went for six weeks, change its clothes daily and manage to get a diaper on it. If the flour baby was not being tended to at all times we would fail the parenting portion of the sex education class. Now this was very difficult as a male and an active member of the high school football team. Not all males were required to take this course in high school back then, but I chose to because this is where I could learn to be a better person than what I had as an example as a father. Plus it was useful information learning how to do things like cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, sewing, and oh yea, best part was that there were lots of girls in the class that admired the few guys that chose to take the class. Back in our time, sex education was more teaching of abstinenc e only, but we had a teacher that also wanted you to know what to do in case you did have intercourse and you and your partner conceived a child. As I grew older I came to appreciate this teacher that taught the whole spectrum of the sex education verses only abstinence. Now that I have a teenage daughter, I also want her to know everything that she can about sex education to prepare herself for her future adult life. Since being a single father, sometimes there are things that she is embarrassed to ask me so I have to rely on female friends and the public schooling system to answer some of those questions. As one may see this topic is important to me because I have young adult children and I want them to be prepared and well informed prior to experiencing sexual intercourse for the first time. I am sorry but I am not ready to become a grandpa until they finish college themselves. With my daughter, I worry she will be heavily influenced into doing things she knows she should wait on, especially when I send her off to college. I just want her prepared for that stage in her life. Literature Review While trying to decide how to write this paper I ran across some very interesting articles that I would like to share with you, the reader. The first one was titled â€Å"Consequences of Sex Education on Teen and Young Adult Sexual Behaviors and Outcomes† by Laura Duberstein Lindberg and Isaac Maddow-Zimet which discussed the effectiveness of formal sex education, regardless of the type, on teens and young adults and the sexual health behaviors and the outcomes that where found as a result. The survey was conducted with both male and females between the ages of 15 and 24. Utilizing the 2006-2008 National Survey of Family Growth with a data pool of a total of 4,691 surveyed. The study was trying to answer whether formal sex education has an effect on when the first vaginal intercourse occurs if received before their first sexual encounter and if the encounter was more controlled by use of birth control. The dependant variables that were surveyed to allow for this research topic to be answered which were the timing of the first vaginal intercourse, contraceptive use at first sex, and condom use at first sex, partnership selection as to whether it was a romantic partner or a casual partner, an age discrepant on the partner of 3 years variance, or unwanted first sex, measured lifetime and current sexual reproductive health indicators at the time of interview including having 6 or more sexual partners, ever been or gotten someone pregnant, sexual transmitted infections treatment in the past 12 months, and use of contraceptives at the last sex encounter. The others were age at time of interview, race/ethnicity, poverty level, mothers education, living arrangements at age of 14, community type, and frequency of attendance of religious services at age 14.(1) Utilizing all these variables, the author was able to see that formal sex education does in fact assist some in the prolonging of the first sexual experience than that of the individual who did not have any formal training and shows that the use of contraceptives and condoms are more likely to be utilized by those who have had some sort of formal sex education training verses those who have not. The survey additionally shows a higher rate of lower income Black and Hispanic people not having the formal sex education training with a higher than normal number occurrences of Sexual transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies. The next article I reviewed was â€Å"What if You Already Know Everything About Sex?† Content Analysis of Questions From Early Adolescents in a Middle School Sex Education Program by Linda Charmaraman, Alice J. Lee, and Sumru Ekrut. The assessment conducted was to see just how much sixth graders really knew about sex already. Based on data collected in the greater Boston area in eight schools utilizing the Get Real: Comprehensive Sex Education that Works Curriculum, with the approval of an institutional review board, parental consent, and assent all six graders from the eight schools participated in anonymous questions about the curriculum. The questions that they were trying to answer were what sex-related topics do early adolescents ask about anonymously, which issues related to sex are of most concern to early adolescents, and how does the school context affect the types of questions raised. This was conducted to allow health care providers information on the conversations that may need to be addressed with early adolescents. The result varied to show that curiosity still had a lot of play from everything to pre-awareness and avoidance to more advanced questions into specific and explicit in nature. Students in larger higher risk schools were more likely to ask more specific questions verses the students in the smaller less risked schools. In classrooms were it was a single sex environment allowed for more specific questions as well. Since this research type was not pre based questions, the crew had one researcher enter in the precedence of the coding, and two others crossed checked the coding and all three debated until all were happy with the appropriate coding for each groups of questions that the students asked. Over all I would say that the research shows that even at the young age of sixth graders, more needs to be done to teach adolescent youths the birds and the bees at an age appropriate level more often than it is currently happening in society. One approach that may need more research may be to host single-sex sex education classes as to allow more students to ask more explicit questions. Another topic that may need to be addressed in more detail would be sex education to all students especially in the urban, lower income neighborhoods that tend to have a higher risk of early pregnancies and sexual transited infections. The third article I reviewed was â€Å"An exploratory study of Muslim adolescents views on sexuality: Implications for sex education and prevention† by Chris Smerecnik, Herman Schaalma, Kok Gerjo, Suzanne Meijer, and Jos Poelman. This article was created utilizing an exploratory qualitative study in the Netherlands to access current views on Muslim adolescents about sexuality. The research was mainly conducted to see how to approach Muslim adolescents about sex education with the questions to be addressed being the current views of Muslim adolescents on sexuality, who to and to what extent do Muslim views differ from the views of non-Muslim adolescents, and to hope to learn whether existing approaches to sex education among Muslim adolescents are likely to be successful or a new approach could be identified to assist in the education of the Muslim adolescents. (3) This research was conducted solely on the internet in a forum set up on the STI-AIDS Netherlands (Expertise Center for HIV/AIDS and other STIs). In this particular forum â€Å"Islam Sexuality† offered general information on sexuality, STI’s, and prevention. Targeted age for the forum was to be Muslim teens and young adults between the age of 14 and 24. The research was gathered for the analysis from June 2004 to September of 2005. To be Muslim sensitive and prevent any disparities on judgments, an Imam, was utilized for the discussion as well as two other trained monitors. All discussions were anonymous with the exception of whether the person was a male or a female, and Muslim or non-Muslim. Everyone else was weeded out of the survey resulting in only 44 Muslim and 33 non-Muslim participants being surveyed. Topics of analysis were sex outside of marriage, Inter-religious relationships, masturbation, homosexuality, and abortion. On the subject of sex outside of marriage it was interesting to note that although Muslim’s believe sex outside of marriage is a taboo, there is a double standard at play were many males do have sex outside of marriage but say it is definitely wrong for females to do so. Non-Muslims did not have any issues with sex outside of marriage. Inter-religious relationships are a true problem for Muslims because they are taught that parent’s approval is absolute in order to marry and Muslim tradition is to not marry outside of the religious circle. Non-Muslims did not have a problem with marrying someone of other religions since they seek love in a partner not religion. Masturbation in Muslim communities is forbidden and treated the same as sex before marriage therefore not allowed or condoned. Non-Muslims argued that this is a way to relieve sexual tension and is okay to do. Homosexuality was not given unto a person as they were born and therefore is not condoned in the Muslim faith. Non-Muslims seemed to express it is a trait you are born with and free to explore. Abortion was not only a problem with a Muslim person; it becomes an issue for the entire Muslim family, whereas non-Muslims portrayed it as a problem only amongst the female and the male who conceived the child. As one may expect, the results of the analysis shows there is a long ways to go to getting Muslim youth more sexually educated since they teach absentness is essential to Islamic law and traditions forbid the discussion of certain topics. One may try to approach the religious leaders to see how this topic can be discussed in a religious sensitive manner, and allow the religious leaders to talk to the parents for input on how to create an educational class that would be appropriate to not violate the Qur’an or Islamic laws that they follow. The fourth article I reviewed was â€Å"Build a curriculum that includes everyone† by Robert McGarry. This article is about the need to incorporate a gender bias, sexuality preference bias educational curriculum as to include the topics and discussions of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender adolescents to teach all adolescents that no matter what orientation preferences one has they should be accepted and all sexual educational needs should be addressed. Of a research conducted in 2011 by GLSEN’s of 8,000 students from 6th to 12th grade most have not been taught anything positive about gays, lesbians, bisexuals, or transgender people in any curriculum. According to the article eight states have laws prohibiting the teaching of such practices in their schools including Texas. This article also mentions that most current curriculum takes an ignoring approach to the topic as to not bring the subject up. Some have demonized such practices, and even stigmatized the preferences. By incorporating a lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender curriculum starting as early as kindergarten a school could change the way many students feel towards non heterosexual people and other students as they grow together in the school. This article portrays that by doing so we as a society can change our future way of thinking as the country regenerated its society. While I see the validity in the way the author is thinking, I agree with most of the curriculum that they are trying to introduce. The core concepts, access to information, communication, Self-management are all good topics. Teaching of anatomy, physiology, puberty, adolescent development, identity, pregnancy, reproduction, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, healthy relationships, and personal safety should be incorporated in every schools sex education class. I do have a few issues with the teaching of acceptance of all sexual orientation personally due to my religious upbringing and I also feel it is an invasion of my rights as a parent to teach my morals and values to my children. We as a society have already given in too much on losing our religious preferences with the removal of state and religion. Of course this is a different topic all together with many controversies as well since our country was founded on religious beliefs. In the article it has stated that a program was started after a 3 year controversy in a public school and put in to effect in 2007. I will be looking forward to reviewing the evaluation of the program over a 12 year period to see its effectiveness. The fifth article I reviewed was called† The multiple choices of sex education† by Rashea Hamilton, Megan Sanders, and Eric M. Anderman. The topic of this article has to do with whether or not to give a written test after the study of sex education in the school systems. Should an exam be given or should a role play example be more feasible to allow the adolescents to learn by being shown how to avoid situations and or stand up to the pressures of their peers. The research questions that were to be looked at were simple but very difficult to answer, â€Å"Do adolescents actually implement what they learn in health education classes?† and â€Å"Do the sex education classes actually work?† (5) The biggest question of the whole article is retention of the information if it is taught as a testable technique style or if the retention would be greater if the information was taught as an introduction and show examples of the situations one could encounter and how t o really deal with the situation. In the reading I also found that another question really needs to be addressed as to the uniformity of where and how the information is delivered. It was interesting to read that many inner city adolescents have a higher rate of teen pregnancies and STD infections, especially if they are from low income and single parent homes. When conducting the research information the authors pulled their data from how many states taught what parts of sex education from the Guttmacher Institute, 2012 report. This report shows that even though the federal government provides funding for this education each state, district, and school all teach non-standardized approaches to how to get the information and to some extent what information to give out to the students/ adolescents. To conduct the goal structures and the long term outcome in sex education, they utilized the National Institutes of Health to sample over 5000 students in 32 high schools. They examined the goal structure of performance verses mastery that showed several important outcomes including student’s attitude towards sex, intentions to have sex, and self perceived ability to engage in safe sex behaviors. Results showed that those students mastering the sex education concept were shown or taught in a more example style technique verses the structured exam style. Life chances would be better for all young adolescents if they were more informed and were better able to actually understand the stuff they are being taught. The last article I reviewed while researching this subject was â€Å"Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy† by Pamela K. Kohler, Lisa E. Manhart, and William E. Lafferty. This article was a comparison of sexual health risk of adolescents who received abstinence-only sex education, those who received comprehensive sex education, and adolescents who receive no formal sex education. They looked at the age group of 15 to 19 heterosexual never married which resulted in a sample study of 1719 from the Nation Survey of Family Growth survey cycle 6(2002) . Of the results those adolescents who received comprehensive sex education were significantly less likely to have reported a pregnancy than the adolescents who did not have formal sex education. Abstinence only training did not reduce the likely hood of sexual vaginal intercourse but comprehensive sex educated adolescents showed a marginal decrease in the adolescents having vaginal intercourse. The mean age for the study was 17. Neither abstinence only nor comprehensive sex education reduced the reporting of STD’s among this study group. I found it interesting to learn that rates of STD, teenage pregnancy, and teen births are actually higher in the United States than most other industrialized countries. Romania and the Russian Federation were the only two countries that exceeded the United States in STD’s in the 2000 study of STD incidents among 16 countries. Method of research came from the National Center of Health Statistics nationwide survey from Jan 2002 to March 2003. Data was collected by trained personnel from the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research through in home interviews that included audio computer assisted self interviewing. Items collected were basic demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding the family planning issues, and self reported sexual behavior and any previous diagnoses of STD’s. A total of 1150 girls and 1121 boys responded to the questionnaire and special interview. They were further reduced by sorting out the none heterosexuals, marriage status, age of first intercourse if less than ten years old, or they did not meet the criteria reporting of no formal sex education, formal sex education on how to say no to sex only, or formal sex education that covered saying no to sex and birth control. Results showed that of the sample that STD’s and no sex education were higher in the adolescent was from a low income non-intact family environment, black, and from rural areas. Comprehensive sex education was marginally associated with reduction of vaginal intercourse amongst the adolescents surveyed. Teen pregnancies were higher in older age, black race, lower household income, non central city metropolitan residence, and in non-intact families. The strongest predictor for STD’s was non-intact family unit status with a four times higher rate than others. Another results showed that the adolescents who were taught abstinence only programs found later sexual debut and that the majority of those who pledge abstinence only broke their vow to not have vaginal intercourse until they were married. They found those who had comprehensive sex education had a lower risk of teen pregnancy than those who had no formal training. Methodology When it came to answering questions we seek to find results for we turned to the General Social Survey (GSS) database located at http://www3.norc.org/GSS+Website/Data+Analysis . We first went to the NORC Public Use Data Catalog tab, then clicked on the GSS tab, then General Social Surveys, 1972-2006 Cumulative File, then variable description, followed by the subject index file. This data file was set up by the NORC, A Social Science Research Center at the University of Chicago, with the support of the National Science Foundation with a goal to provide a foundation for social research to have a structured orientation and to provide up to date, important, and high-quality data to social scientists, students, policy makers, and others. To answer the first question, Are people who have their first child at a younger age more likely to favor sex education in public schools than people who have children at a later age, we utilized the information pulled from the E tab, Education, Sex Education, then SEX EDUCATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS and the A tab, Age, At birth of first child, RS AGE WHEN 1ST CHILD BORN. To answer the second question, Are people of a younger age more likely to support the use of birth control use of teenagers than people of a later age, we pulled our information from the B tab, Birth Control, Teenagers use, then BIRTH CONTROL TO TEENAGERS 14-16, and from the A tab, Age, Birth Cohort, AGE OF RESPONDENT. For the third question, Are people more likely to favor premarital sex amongst young adults over premarital sex amongst teenagers, we pulled our information from the S tab, Sex, Premarital Sex, then SEX BEFORE MARRIAGE, and the S tab, Sex, Teen sex, then SEX BEFORE MARRIAGE TEENS 14-16. For the first question I utilized the cross tabulation chart with the dependant variable SEX EDUCATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS and the Independent Variable RS AGE WHEN 1ST CHILD BORN. For the second question I also utilized a cross tabulation chart with the dependent variable BIRTH CONTROL TO TEENAGERS 14-16 and the Independent Variable AGE OF RESPONDENT. The third one however I utilized a side by side comparison of two variables to see the results. Data Analysis In this section you will see the three research questions along with the graphs generated to answer my theories and hypothesis in order to come to my conclusion. Question # 1: Are people who have their first child at a younger age more likely to favor sex education in public schools than people who have children at a later age? Theory: People who have a first child at a younger age will be more likely to support sex education in public school because they may want teenagers to know more than they did when they first had sex and want them to have information to help guide them. Hypothesis: People who had their first child at a younger age will be more likely to support sex education than those who have their first child later in life. Dependant Variable: E: Education: Sex Education: SEX EDUCATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS Independent Variable: A: Age: At birth of first child: RS AGE WHEN 1ST CHILD BORN [pic] This analysis does in fact offer support for the theory that people who have a child at a younger age will be more likely to support sex education in the public school system. As seen in the chart more people tend to favor sex education in public schools up to about age 4. After age 41, less people favor the support of sex education in public school but still at least half of them do still support the sex education in public schooling. Question # 2: Are people of a younger age more likely to support the use of birth control use of teenagers than people of a later age? Theory: Younger people will favor the use of birth control for teenagers more than older adults due to more recent frequency of sexual encounters and lack of maturity of teenagers having riskier sexual encounters. Many young adults just came out of their teenage years and the sexual experiences they recently encountered are still fresh in their minds. Hypothesis: People of a younger age will support the use of birth control for teenagers. Dependent Variable: B: Birth Control: Teenagers use: BIRTH CONTROL TO TEENAGERS 14-16 Independent Variable: A: Age: Birth Cohort: AGE OF RESPONDENT [pic] As seen in the graph above, younger adults do not in fact support the theory for the use of birth control by teenagers therefore our theory would not be a valid theory. We could however observe through this chart that as age progresses older people support the use of birth control by teenagers. An alternate theory that could be presented would be that older people will more likely support the use of birth control by teenagers than younger people. Possible reasoning would be because of life lessons they had to live with and may see if they would have utilized birth control at a young age they may have had different life chances that would have allowed them to pursue alternate life styles and career paths. Question # 3: Are people more likely to favor premarital sex amongst young adults over premarital sex amongst teenagers? Theory: Society is more acceptable to young adults having premarital sex than teenagers having premarital due to their maturity level and modern social beliefs. Hypothesis: People are more likely to support premarital sex among young people than premarital sex among teens. Variable 1: S: Sex: Premarital Sex: SEX BEFORE MARRIAGE Variable 2: S: Sex: Teen sex: SEX BEFORE MARRIAGE TEENS 14-16 Premarital SexTeens Premarital Sex |Values |Categor| | |ies | |Missing cases |33338 | | | | Teen Premarital Sex Summary Statistics |Valid cases |29596 | |Missing cases |21424 | As seen we do have support for the theory that premarital sex among young adults prior to marriage is more accepting than teenagers age 14-16 having premarital sex. In the univariate charts above People tend to agree that premarital sex for young adults is not wrong at all. While 28.2 percent say that is always wrong, 39.9 percent say that it is not wrong at all. Looking at the teenagers age 14-16 having sex however, an overwhelming 70.4 percent still believe teenagers age 14-16 should not have premarital sex while only a small 3.7 percent feel it is not wrong at all. Conclusion When looking at the graphs to answer the question of are people who have their first child at a younger age more likely to favor sex education in public schools than people who have children at a later age, we can conclude that we society in general is in fact in agreement that sex education should be part of our societies public school curriculum. The second question of are people of a younger age more likely to support the use of birth control use of teenagers than people of a later age, is not supported by younger people for some unknown reasons and in fact the opposite is actually true. Older adults support the use of teenagers using birth control. One can theorize this to be that older people are more reflective of their past and do not want teenagers to have the trials and tribunes they grew up dealing with at having to marry at a young age and start families because that is what society used to tell them was standard. Since times are changing and more women are further educate d and working to make ends meet in these economic times, older adults see this as a preventative measure. For the third question as to whether people are more likely to favor premarital sex amongst young adults over premarital sex amongst teenagers, the analysis supports the theory and concludes that yes society is more able to handle a young adult having premarital sex over a teenager having premarital sex. As a father of a seventeen year old daughter, I too conclude this to be the case since I do not want my daughter to take a chance in hindering her passion to one day becomes a nurse or a veterinarian. In my opinion after reviewing all my articles and researching the GSS data base, I am seeing the question of uniformity arises in all of them amongst all teachings. Every single article clearly states in one shape or another that we as a country need to be teaching on a universal informational playing field and this will allow each adolescent the same opportunity to gain the vast and important knowledge they need to be ready for their first vaginal intercourse. Only this will start to reduce the risk of STD’s and teen pregnancies. By asking the government to incorporate more stringent requirement on what has to be taught we can start to make this happen. Since the government only requires abstinence only program be taught to be eligible for title IV monies, many states do not go any further than they have to in order to receive the funding from the government. Another larger issue is the very nature of when, how, and even if sex education is taught at every public school. In the articles, one of the issues that came up over and over was that many inner city and rural area youth have higher rates of teen pregnancies and STD’s. With a more consistent program maybe we can slow this trend down. Of course a little more adult supervision could help as well, but with many low income families being single parent households, this can be very difficult and we as parents have to trust our children to do right when we are not around. When speculating what can be done to slow the progression of STD’s and teenage pregnancies I can only come to one repeated conclusion. Give the young adults and teenagers all the information available to every one of them and possibly incorporate an adult/parent orientation into the curriculum to teach the parents what they may have not known about or have forgotten over the years. Get the parent more involved in the teenagers and young adults lives and quit allowing the teenager to grow up unsupervised. Locate an activity for them to do after school until you are able to be home with them. I read a while back an article that stated most teenage pregnancies happened between four and six pm while the parents are away at work. I really wished I could have found that article to add to the reviews because it was very appropriate for this research paper. As a father I have started looking into what our local school is teaching when I started this course and found out that it too needs many improvements. The teach-for-a-test program does not work. We, our school and parents, need to look into getting more aggressive in the training of our teenagers and young adults so we can slow the progression of teen pregnancies and STD’s. Unfortunately, living even in this small town, we have experienced a high number of teen pregnancies. I would like to see this trend change to allow these young adults and teenagers a life chance for something other than raising a baby at a young age and still living at home with the parents. | | References: 1. Duberstein, Laura, Maddow-Zimet, Isaac, (2012) Consequences of Sex Education on Teen and Young Adult Sexual Behaviors and Outcomes. Elsevier. Journal of Adolescent Health 51 (2012) 332-338 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.fhsu.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S1054139X11007178 2. Linda Charmaraman, Alice J. Lee, and Sumru Erkut: (2012). â€Å"What if You Already Know Everything About Sex?† Content Analysis of Questions from Early Adolescents in a Middle School Sex Education Program. Elsevier. Journal of Adolescent Health Volume 50 Issue 5 527-530 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.fhsu.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S1054139X1100348X 3. Chris Smerecnik, Herman Schaalma, Kok Gerjo, Suzanne Meijer, Jos Poelman. (2010)† An exploratory study of Muslim adolescents views on sexuality: Implications for sex education and prevention†. BMC Public Health, 10:533 http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.fhsu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3sid=37308a58-e906-4d58-a6a8-b93798ee399a%40sessionmgr110hid=106 4. McGarry, Robert. (2013) Build a curriculum that includes everyone. : Phi Delta Kappan, Vol. 94 Issue 5, p27-31, 5p, 1 Chart http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.fhsu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9c2f203c-9cd5-4413-acb2-a4679070f0de%40sessionmgr198vid=2hid=106 5. Hamilton, Rashea, Sanders, Megan, Anderman, Eric M. (2013). The multiple choices of sex education. Phi Delta Kappan, Vol. 94 Issue 5, p34-39, 6p, 1 Color Photograph, 2 Charts http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.fhsu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=318398dd-779d-4ac2-97e3-b96d989e21ca%40sessionmgr198vid=2hid=107 6. Kohler, Pamela K., Manhart, Lisa E., Lafferty, William E. (2008). Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy. Elsevier. Journal of Adolescent Health

What Is The Propaganda Model?

What Is The Propaganda Model? When Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky discussed the propaganda model in the book called Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media  from the political economy viewpoint. They pointed out that money and power can filter some of the information, allowing the government and politicians to spread their words to the public. Although the purpose of media is not for propaganda only, the main proportion of it is used for propaganda (Herman Chomsky, 1988). They argue that every piece of original daily news in America is under strict checking before they can be published, the news gatekeepers including ownership, advertiser and sources. From this point, the media are totally lost in serving those who can control and support them, representing the interest of the wealthy and powerful class in the society. They called the checking process as five filters of the news, which is also the central notion of the propaganda model. The newsfilters are ranging from money dominators , advertisers, sources, to flak and anticommunism. Through analysing the five filters, they are dividing the propaganda model into two types: the first pattern is characterized as checked through the official censorship to serve those who are the dominant class in the society. While the latter propaganda type is difficult to be noticed, the media always discloses scandal by the authorities and criticized the government to convince the public. Once the general public have trusted the media, they will naturally follow the media and support those government policies that media is advocating. That is publicity gambit played between the media and the dominant class. The latter type is more important in Chomskys opinion. The first filter illustrates that the investors monopolized the media. Take the newspaper for example, fierce competition in the profit driven free market result in emphasizing more about the readers. Moreover, the progress of technique means the cost is increasing, for the working class newspaper, the cost is relatively low, thus then, and they have to quit the competitive market. Since the media entered the profit-driven market, the capital of the giant media firms are generally controlled by the large enterprise, the board, the stockholders and the bankers in the enterprise are caring more about the profit rather than the quality of the news. Thereby, it is not surprising that the media giants are tied up with wealthy circles. The media are highly reliance on the advertisers in the profit-driven market, which means the choosing of the advertisers, will influence the media profoundly. On one hand, the considerable revenue from advertising will naturally increase the popular media product. In other word, it is impossible to get the support from the advertisers without the ratings guarantee. As Herman and Chomsky (Herman Chomsky, 1988.) argued in their book that it was the buying power from the audience attracting the media most. As a result, it is not difficult to understand why the newspaper is going backwards and in crisis while the society is developing. On the other hand, Advertisers often discriminate both the working class and radical media politically (Herman Chomsky, 1988), in which the advertisers would rather consider more about those who have great purchasing power than the poor. News source is the third filter. Sources form the government and the company can meet the need of media organization: using the reliable sources from the government and the company, can ensure the objective of news reporting; on the other hand, through getting the news sources from the government and the giant company, the publications can cut out a great deal of unnecessary expenditure spending on investigating other unreliable sources. Herman and Chomsky called the fourth filter as flak and the enforces (Herman Chomsky, 1988, p.26.), that is, the government and the major corporation are able to put pressure on the media. Here, flak means bad feedback of a media programme. The media will pay great price for the negative response; they have to defend themselves in or out of the institution, even in the court. Moreover, the advertisers will pull the advertisement as well. According to Chomsky, the flak is generally from the person in authority. Under such pressures, the media can only represent the interest of the investors. The fifth filter is called anticommunism as a control mechanism. In here, they are referring to the media are advocating communism policies (policies that are threatening the property profit, especially the America property profit) as a threat to the bourgeoisie. As stated above, the first three filters are more important in the propaganda theory. Essentially speaking, the methodology of the propaganda model is the same as other theories; they are beginning with loads of hypotheses, and then go back to the assumption through personal experience (Klaehn, 2003). Although Jeffery (2003) argues that the propaganda model is a concept result from the analysis on the relation of media and the authorities systematically and logically. However, different from other research, Chomskys evidences seem to be lacking of persuasion. In addition, this model is mainly focusing on the newsroom structure, it cannot be used to analyse the general journalism practice. Besides, although Klaehn has explained some criticism about the difference between gatekeeper theory and propaganda model, and argued the propaganda model is only used for the analysis of the framework but not the psychological process of the media (Klaehn, 2005). There are some similarities still can be found between them: the aim of the news agency is to satisfy the advertisers rather than attract the audiences under the profit-driven market; every piece of news need to be revised step by step before being printed; in order to reduce the cost, a large number of news agencies are trying to decrease the investigative content in order to avoid being criticized or lawsuits. Obviously, Chomskys propaganda model is largely focusing on the American journalism in the Cold War period. He argues that the propaganda model played an important role during the Cold War period; the media is surly the core of the model. He is not only suspecting that the media is stifling public criticism of the government, keeping the public away from the truth; but even considering that the media is responsible for protracting the Cold War. The propaganda model is widely applicable in America because of the news culture in the US (Chomsky, 2007).Most of the media group in the US are belonging to the private ownership and not subsidized by the government, almost financially independent. Large amounts of the media are controlled by a limited number of big companies, who are also getting on well with the government through the political donations on the trade of weapons. Consequently, they are sometimes involving in the national policy making as well. Meanwhile, the sources of news are required to be obtained through the official channels, such as the press conference or the personal interview. In order to get the first hand information, the journalists need to be getting on well with the government agencies, which will also affect the media attitude towards the politics. From the Chomskys propaganda model it can be seen that in order to strengthen the objective image to the public, the media ownership are using the way of conglomeration and merger of small media companies to make grater in power, influence, stature, or reputation. Sometimes, the government played an accomplice role in this process, charging some small media companies to let them bankruptcy because of the heavily cost of the lawsuit, while the giant media is benefit from the influence and power. Thus it can be seen that the media and the government in the US are closely connected. Because of that, media in the US are always exercising self-censorship. Although Chomsky uses the propaganda model to criticize the media in the Europe, it is lacking of generalizability after all. Klaehn has written on her article that there was a common criticism on the propaganda model: the propaganda model is to be analyzed under the hypothesized condition that there is no difference among the internal the ruling class, but that will never happen in the reality (Klaehn, J. 2002). As Chomsky and Herman have explained in their book, it is similar to the emphasis within the book, the propaganda of some authoritative country is different to the media of the U.S. In fact, spirited debates is allowed and encouraged in the U.S., only when it does not cross the line. (Herman Chomsky, 1988). Moreover, they have made another further explanation that we used the concepts of worthy and unworthy victims to describe this dichotomization, with a trace of irony as the varying treatment was clearly related to political and economic advantage rather than anything like actual worth (Herman, 2000). Talking about this, Colin Sparks, from the University of Westminster has suspected whether this model can be used to explain every context of the media in the UK. Colin Sparks (Sparks, 2007) took the example of the Iraq War reporting in the UK and argued there were lots of researches showing that many media in the UK doubted the legitimacy and appropriateness of the Iraq war. He believes propaganda model neglect the complication of capitalist society. From the economical aspects, the conflicting interests among the different department within the capitalism will be everlasting. It is well known that the US media nearly monopolize the media industry in the world. The propaganda model has archived the largest utility during the international news communication. However, media in other countries are not always following what the Americans want. When the reporting does harm the interest of the country or the reporting is iniquitously unjust, each media organization in the single country will put up resistance. UK is not an exception. 20th March, 2003, the allied forces of US and Britain started the Iraq war without the authorization of the United Nations Security Council. During the prewar and postwar time, the US media has made every attempt to advocate the propaganda model, controlling and intervening the news reporting, in order to ask for support. Although both the United Kingdom and the United States is the staunchest ally during the war, the way of reporting the war was very different because of their different attitude towards the Iraq war. Comparing with the patriotism reporting in the America, news in the UK was obviously impartial. Not only reporting the British and American forces attacked the Iraq forces, but also relayed the civilian casualties,Moreover,they also made some independent comment on the war, even some criticism were totally different from the America announcement. Brookes and Lewis has analyzed the British Television Media; they choose the four main News channels as a sample of how they reported the Iraqi War, including BBC 1, ITV News, Channel4News and Sky channels. They were mainly focusing on three aspects. Whether Iraq owned weapons of mass destruction, the viewpoint of whether Iraqi civilians wish to be liberate from the governance of Saddam and whether the nature of Saddams politics was vicious. The result showed 86% of report tends to agree that Iraq does own weapons of mass destruction (Lewis Brookes, 2004). Those who believe warfare can liberate Iraq are double of the amount of the reports of attack Iraq. More than half of the reports believe that Saddams policies makes Iraq civilian feels they are under pressure and pain. Even channel4 news report seems to have a fair opinion; Brookes and Lewis still give a conclusion of British Television is biased towards the government. In addition, Couldry and Doweny (Allan Zelizer, 2004) analyzed seven newspapers report before the Iraq War started (2003 January to Mid February). They mainly focus on whether media should investigate of the reason of starting a war. Result shown that the right-wing newspaper like The Times, The Sun, Daily Telegraph, Daily Mail might or might not support the starting of the war. Newspapers such as Daily Mirror, Independence, Guardiance is considered to be focus on the benefit of the nation and is opposite to the west-ring newspaper is doubting the reason and moral standard on the reason of starting a war towards Iraq. Robertson (Robertson, 2004) chose two Scotland papers The Herald and The Scotsman as the subject of the study and analyses on the report that have been done on the Iraqi war. Its purpose is to analyzing whether the Scotland newspaper is playing a role of watchdog or lapdog. The study shows that both newspaper report the action have been taken in the Iraqi war and the result they have achieve during the war. In comparison, the reports related to the destruction of the facilities in Iraq, the impact towards the public hygiene, environment and social order is relatively less covered within the reports. There are also 2775 cases in total mention about the victims, even those who have rarely cover the death of Iraqi civilian, Arabs and Muslim people. Based on the research from the scholars, there are some specific antiwar news. For example, Daily Mirror in the UK has published two pictures in the front page, which is George Bush with a smile in one picture with a crying Iraq woman on the war wrecks in another picture, with the title he likes it; moreover, Daily Mirror criticized that the Iraq war was pointless, horrible, and appealed to the UK government to stop the war. In addition, The Independent and other newspaper in the UK had replied to Bushs announcement about the war will last for no matter how long it will require on the 28th, March, and it was widely accepted that the longer the war lasts, the heavier the economic losses will be suffering, the more political price will be paid as well. Besides, on the 25th April, the former president of BBC Greg Dyke had delivered a speech in the University of London, he criticized that the news from the America media was over impartial and could not illustrate all the truth from the battlefield, which Greg Dyke was called distorted patriotism. During the war time, the propaganda model was not applicable to explain the media in the UK; on the contrary, it works on few specific cases nowadays. In the 24th, November, 2009, a committee was set up in the UK to investigate the legality of the Iraq war. The result of the investigation will be put out after the election around the end of 2010. The investigation time and scope will be arranging from 2001 until the end of July, 2009, including every stage the British army prepare for the war, go to the war and pullout. Many former government high officers will involve in the inquiry as well. To all appearances, it is difficult to use the propaganda model to explain this. According to the propaganda model, in order to be trusted by the public, the media disclosures scandals of the authorities and criticized the government. Different from this time, once the commission has investigated that the Iraq war is illegal, most of the media organisations that had supported the war would be accused. Instead of gaining the belief from the public, there is no denying that the media are just digging their own graves. In my opinion, the news of Iraq war investigative commission just follows the propaganda mode, getting the trust from the public through criticising the government without being noticed. It is a fight among the political party results in setting the investigative commission. Firstly, talking about the announcement that the investigation result will be published after the election. On one hand, this timing will not diminish the effect of the political propaganda; on the other hand, an opened interrogation was conducted by an investigative group on the commanders and politicians who is involved in the Iraq war, the purpose of that is to advertise and to build up the publicity for Gordon Brown during the election. Secondly, the result of the investigation will make no sense. The Guardian (Sparrow, 2009) argued that the Iraq inquiry was not the responsibility for the investigative commission to judge whether the Iraq war is legal or not. In addition, there is no lawyer and judge in the commission team and all the team members are chosen by Gordon Brown, thus then the so called investigation is just conducting in a perfunctory way. If there is a real need to investigate in the lies and acts the British and the American government have done in the Iraq war, it is then necessary to be carry out by international organisations, such as UN Commission on Human Rights or International Criminal Tribunal. The commission will not dig out the crime that they have done, but in fact they cover up the facts from the public. To sum up the above arguments, it is not surprising that the propaganda model has been strongly criticized by some people. Herman and Chomskys Propaganda Model does not explain every media in every context; it is too rigid in its causal argument and lack of accurate support. Yet we live in a world, changes take place all the time, there is no adaptable news model that is suitable forever. Even in a country, as media in the UK, there would be a variety of news reporting towards one event. Although some of the news can be analysed by the propaganda model while others cannot. In a word, the propaganda model is lack of practicalness and general applicability.